Difference between revisions of "Canine Distemper Virus"
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==Description== | ==Description== | ||
− | + | *Caused by a [[Paramyxoviridae#Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)|morbillivirus]] | |
− | + | *[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]] | |
− | + | *Although many organs can be affected by CDV, a relatively constant feature is the respiratory signs which occur in varying severity | |
− | + | *A syndrome of catharral oculonasal discharge, [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pharyngitis|pharyngitis]] and [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]] is relatively common in the initial stages | |
− | + | *Since one of the primary sites of action of this virus is lymphoid tissue, the resultant immunosuppression -> predisposition to secondary bacterial infection | |
− | + | *May cause [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]] where [[Degenerations and Infiltrations - Pathology#Cellular Inclusions|inclusions]] are found within alveolar macrophages | |
− | + | *Gross pathology: | |
− | + | **Oedematous lungs, diffuse interstitial pneumonia | |
− | + | *Micro pathology: | |
− | + | **Necrosis of pneumocytes, necrotising bronchiolitis, alveolar oedema, thickening of alveolar walls and type II pneumocyte hyperplasia | |
− | + | Aerosol infection | |
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*Infects alveolar [[Macrophages|macrophages]] or [[Oropharynx - Pathology|oropharynx]] | *Infects alveolar [[Macrophages|macrophages]] or [[Oropharynx - Pathology|oropharynx]] | ||
*Multiplies in the bronchial and other lymph nodes, infects [[Monocytes|monocytes]] and dendritic cells | *Multiplies in the bronchial and other lymph nodes, infects [[Monocytes|monocytes]] and dendritic cells | ||
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*Involvement of central nervous system generally results in death | *Involvement of central nervous system generally results in death | ||
− | ==== | + | *Can contribute to [[Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis|Infectious Canine Tracheitis]] |
+ | *May be involved in [[Pancreatitis, Chronic Interstitial|chronic interstitial pancreatitis]] | ||
+ | *May cause [[Bones Developmental - Pathology#Retention of elongated primary trabeculae|growth retardation lattice]] | ||
+ | *May also trigger latent [[Toxoplasma|Toxoplasmosis]] due to suppressing effect on lymphoid tissue | ||
+ | ==Signalment== | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Dogs, ferrets, seals, lions, mink | ||
+ | *Has been a major pathogen of dogs prior to vaccination | ||
+ | ==Diagnosis== | ||
*May present as series of infections | *May present as series of infections | ||
*'''Immunocytochemistry''' of inclusion bodies | *'''Immunocytochemistry''' of inclusion bodies | ||
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**Inclusions persist longest in the brain (may be intranuclear) and the alveolar macrophages | **Inclusions persist longest in the brain (may be intranuclear) and the alveolar macrophages | ||
**Sections of fixed bronchial tissue, lung, macrophages, bladder may be used or nasal or conjunctival epithelium from live animals | **Sections of fixed bronchial tissue, lung, macrophages, bladder may be used or nasal or conjunctival epithelium from live animals | ||
− | *Giant cells may be seen in the | + | *Giant cells may be seen in the alveol |
− | ==== | + | ===Clinical Signs=== |
+ | ===Laboratory Tests=== | ||
+ | ===Diagnostic Imaging=== | ||
+ | ===Pathology=== | ||
+ | ==Treatment== | ||
+ | |||
*Live attenuated virus vaccines given at 10 and 12 weeks of age | *Live attenuated virus vaccines given at 10 and 12 weeks of age | ||
**Some now given at 7 and 10 weeks to allow socialisation | **Some now given at 7 and 10 weeks to allow socialisation | ||
*Homeopathic vaccines do not work | *Homeopathic vaccines do not work | ||
*Live attenuated vaccines may kill some wildlife therefore '''Iscom vaccine''' is used in seal sanctuaries | *Live attenuated vaccines may kill some wildlife therefore '''Iscom vaccine''' is used in seal sanctuaries | ||
− | ==== | + | ==Prognosis== |
− | + | ==Links== | |
− | + | ==References== | |
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Revision as of 14:03, 12 August 2010
This article is still under construction. |
Description
- Caused by a morbillivirus
- Rhinitis
- Although many organs can be affected by CDV, a relatively constant feature is the respiratory signs which occur in varying severity
- A syndrome of catharral oculonasal discharge, pharyngitis and bronchitis is relatively common in the initial stages
- Since one of the primary sites of action of this virus is lymphoid tissue, the resultant immunosuppression -> predisposition to secondary bacterial infection
- May cause interstitial pneumonia where inclusions are found within alveolar macrophages
- Gross pathology:
- Oedematous lungs, diffuse interstitial pneumonia
- Micro pathology:
- Necrosis of pneumocytes, necrotising bronchiolitis, alveolar oedema, thickening of alveolar walls and type II pneumocyte hyperplasia
Aerosol infection
- Infects alveolar macrophages or oropharynx
- Multiplies in the bronchial and other lymph nodes, infects monocytes and dendritic cells
- Viraemia
- Spreads via monocytes to a variety of epithelium depending upon the strain of virus
- Respiratory and alimentary tracts, skin and later (1-5 wk. post infection) to the brain
- Clinical signs:
- Mucopurulent oculonasal discharge
- Keratitis
- Interstitial pneumonia
- Severe clinical pneumonia follows secondary infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica
- Smelly sometimes bloody diarrhoea
- Eruptions on the skin including hyperkeratosis of the nose and pads (hardpad)
- Demyelination (especially in cerebellum) -> incoordination or muscle tremors -> paralysis and coma or convulsions -> death
- Encephalitis
- Secondary pyogenic infections associated with immunosuppression and damage to epithelia
- Recovered animals may have persistent or spasmodic chorea
- The severity of the disease may vary; if enough neutralising antibody develops in the early stages, the virus maybe kept restricted largely to the lymph nodes
- Variable mortality depending on virulence
- May occur subclinically
- Involvement of central nervous system generally results in death
- Can contribute to Infectious Canine Tracheitis
- May be involved in chronic interstitial pancreatitis
- May cause growth retardation lattice
- May also trigger latent Toxoplasmosis due to suppressing effect on lymphoid tissue
Signalment
- Dogs, ferrets, seals, lions, mink
- Has been a major pathogen of dogs prior to vaccination
Diagnosis
- May present as series of infections
- Immunocytochemistry of inclusion bodies
- Intracytoplasmic inclusions may be found in most affected tissues
- Inclusions persist longest in the brain (may be intranuclear) and the alveolar macrophages
- Sections of fixed bronchial tissue, lung, macrophages, bladder may be used or nasal or conjunctival epithelium from live animals
- Giant cells may be seen in the alveol
Clinical Signs
Laboratory Tests
Diagnostic Imaging
Pathology
Treatment
- Live attenuated virus vaccines given at 10 and 12 weeks of age
- Some now given at 7 and 10 weeks to allow socialisation
- Homeopathic vaccines do not work
- Live attenuated vaccines may kill some wildlife therefore Iscom vaccine is used in seal sanctuaries