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It can also affect molluscs and crustacean including European and Japanese oyster, clam, lobster and shrimp.

It can also affect molluscs and crustacean including European and Japanese oyster, clam, lobster and shrimp.

Disease '''outbreaks''' can be '''influenced''' by '''water quality''' and '''temperature''', the '''strain''' and virulence of the Vibrio bacteria and the amount of '''stress''' imposed upon the fish.

Disease '''outbreaks''' can be '''influenced''' by '''water quality''' and '''temperature''', the '''strain''' and virulence of the Vibrio bacteria and the amount of '''stress''' imposed upon the fish.

Other species of ''Vibrio'' affect a wide range of species for example ''V.salmonicida'' mainly affect Alantic salmon and trout and causes cold water vibriosis, ''V.damsela'' affects [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromis_punctipinnis/ Blacksmith species], ''V.vulnificus'' also known as ''V.anguillicidacuases'' disease in eels

Other species of ''Vibrio'' affect a wide range of species for example ''V.salmonicida'' mainly affect Alantic salmon and trout and causes cold water vibriosis, ''V.damsela'' affects [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromis_punctipinnis/ Blacksmith species (''Chromis punctipinnis'')], ''V.vulnificus'' also known as ''V.anguillicidacuases'' disease in eels

Both '''''V.vulnificus''''' and '''''V.damsela''''' are both '''zoonotic'''.  It is thought that the infection is caused from '''eating contaminated raw or undercooked seafood''', in particular '''raw oysters'''. '''Immunocompromised''' and people with '''liver diseases''' are at '''increased risk'''.

Both '''''V.vulnificus''''' and '''''V.damsela''''' are both '''zoonotic'''.  It is thought that the infection is caused from '''eating contaminated raw or undercooked seafood''', in particular '''raw oysters'''. '''Immunocompromised''' and people with '''liver diseases''' are at '''increased risk'''.

==Diagnosis==

==Diagnosis==

Presumptive diagnosis can be made from clinical signs especially characteristic red spots, swollen and dark lesions on the skin that bleed and ophthalmic changes; although some acute and severe cases die without clinical signs.  With ''V.anguillarum'' more '''severe pathology''' is seen in the '''descending gastrointestinal tract''' as the conditions become more alkaline. Most tissues are septic with no evidence of phagocytosis.   

Presumptive diagnosis can be made from clinical signs especially characteristic red spots, swollen and dark lesions on the skin that bleed and ophthalmic changes; although some acute and severe cases die without clinical signs.  With ''V.anguillarum'' more '''severe pathology''' is seen in the '''descending gastrointestinal tract''' as the conditions become more alkaline. Most tissues are septic with no evidence of phagocytosis.   

Identification methods include a '''culture medium for presumptive identification, a sensitivity assay to filter discs impregnated with a saturated solution of the vibriostatic agent 0/129 (2,4-diamino-6,7-diisopropylteridine), nitrate reduction, presence of oxidase, catalase and arginine decarboxylase, reaction with monoclonal antibodies and antiflagellar antiserum, and hybridization with specific 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) oligonucleotides'''<ref name="Shewan et al., 1954">Shewan, J., Hodgkiss, W., Liston, J., (1954)  '''A method for the rapid differentiation of certain non-pathogenic asporogenous bacilli.''' ''Nature'', 173:208-209.</ref>, <ref name="Larsen, 1983">Larsen, J.L., (1983)  '''Vibrio anguillarum: a comparative study of fish pathogenic, environmental, and reference strains.''' ''Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica'', 24(4):456-476.</ref>, <ref name="Tassin et al., 1983">Tassin, M.G., Siebling, R.J., Roberts, N.C., Larson, A.D., (1983)  '''Presumptive identification of Vibrio species with H antiserum.''' ''Journal of Clinical Microbiology'', 18:400-407.</ref>, <ref name="Rehnstam et al., 1989">Rehnstam, A.S., Norqvist, A., Wolf-Watz, H., Hagström, Å., (1989)  '''Identification of Vibrio anguillarum in fish by using partial 16S RNA sequences and a specific 16S rRNA oligonucleotide probe.''' ''Applied and Environmental Microbiology'', 55(8):1907-1910.</ref>, <ref name="Alsina et al., 1994">Alsina, M., Picado-Martinez, J., Jofre, J., Blanch, A.R., (1994)  '''A medium for presumptive identification of Vibrio anguillarum.''' ''Applied and Environmental Microbiology'', 60:1681-1683.</ref>, <ref name="Martinez-Picado et al., 1994">Martínez-Picado, J., Blanch, A.R., Jofre, J., (1994)  '''Rapid detection and identification of Vibrio anguillarum by using a specific oligonucleotide probe complementary to 16S rRNA.''' ''Applied and Environmental Microbiology'', 60(2):732-737.</ref>. '''''Vibrio'' species''' can be '''identified using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs)'''.

Identification methods include a '''culture medium for presumptive identification, a sensitivity assay to filter discs impregnated with a saturated solution of the vibriostatic agent 0/129 (2,4-diamino-6,7-diisopropylteridine), nitrate reduction, presence of oxidase, catalase and arginine decarboxylase, reaction with monoclonal antibodies and antiflagellar antiserum, and hybridization with specific 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) oligonucleotides'''<ref name="Shewan et al., 1954">Shewan, J., Hodgkiss, W., Liston, J., (1954)  '''A method for the rapid differentiation of certain non-pathogenic asporogenous bacilli.''' ''Nature'', 173:208-209.</ref>, <ref name="Larsen, 1983">Larsen, J.L., (1983)  '''Vibrio anguillarum: a comparative study of fish pathogenic, environmental, and reference strains.''' ''Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica'', 24(4):456-476.</ref>, <ref name="Tassin et al., 1983">Tassin, M.G., Siebling, R.J., Roberts, N.C., Larson, A.D., (1983)  '''Presumptive identification of Vibrio species with H antiserum.''' ''Journal of Clinical Microbiology'', 18:400-407.</ref>, <ref name="Rehnstam et al., 1989">Rehnstam, A.S., Norqvist, A., Wolf-Watz, H., Hagström, Å., (1989)  '''Identification of Vibrio anguillarum in fish by using partial 16S RNA sequences and a specific 16S rRNA oligonucleotide probe.''' ''Applied and Environmental Microbiology'', 55(8):1907-1910.</ref>, <ref name="Alsina et al., 1994">Alsina, M., Picado-Martinez, J., Jofre, J., Blanch, A.R., (1994)  '''A medium for presumptive identification of Vibrio anguillarum.''' ''Applied and Environmental Microbiology'', 60:1681-1683.</ref>, <ref name="Martinez-Picado et al., 1994">Martínez-Picado, J., Blanch, A.R., Jofre, J., (1994)  '''Rapid detection and identification of Vibrio anguillarum by using a specific oligonucleotide probe complementary to 16S rRNA.''' ''Applied and Environmental Microbiology'', 60(2):732-737.</ref>. '''''Vibrio'' species''' can be '''identified using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs)'''.

''V.vulnificus'' can be identified using an ELISA for the haemolysin and PCR.

''V.vulnificus'' can be identified using an ELISA for the haemolysin and PCR.

V.ordalii tends to be more localised to muscle and areas of the skin, possibly indicating transmission of the disease through salmonid integument, although it can also be found in loose connective tissue of the gills , throughout the GI tract and in the pyloric caeca  

 

V.salmonicida also known as   haemorrhagic syndrome as  haemorrhages are mainly found in the integument surrounding the internal organs of the fish.  Fish are anaemic and fry show splenamegaly, cataracts and cranial haemorrhage.  

''V.ordalii'' tends to be more localised to muscle and areas of the skin, possibly indicating transmission of the disease through salmonid integument, although it can also be found in loose connective tissue of the gills , throughout the GI tract and in the pyloric caeca.

V.damsela show ulcerations from 0.5-2cm in diameter and are characterised by muscle lysis and histiocytes within the dermis and skeletal muscle (Love et al., 1981). Love M, Teebken-Fisher D, Hose JE, Farmer JJ, Hickman FW, Fanning GR, 1981. Vibrio damsela, a marine bacterium, causes skin ulcers on the damselfish Chromis punctipinnis. Science, USA, 214(4525):1139-1140.

''V.salmonicida'' also known as ''haemorrhagic syndrome'' due to haemorrhages found in the integument surrounding the internal organs of the fish.  Fish are anaemic and fry show splenamegaly, cataracts and cranial haemorrhage.  

 

''V.damsela'' show ulcerations from 0.5-2cm in diameter and are characterised by muscle lysis and histiocytes within the dermis and skeletal muscle (Love et al., 1981). Love M, Teebken-Fisher D, Hose JE, Farmer JJ, Hickman FW, Fanning GR, 1981. Vibrio damsela, a marine bacterium, causes skin ulcers on the damselfish Chromis punctipinnis. Science, USA, 214(4525):1139-1140.

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

Fish can be treated with ampicillin, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid derivatives, nitrofurans, sulphonamides and trimethoprim.

Fish can be treated with ampicillin, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid derivatives, nitrofurans, sulphonamides and trimethoprim.