Difference between revisions of "Equine Biochemistry"

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|sublink1= Equine Section - WikiNormals
 
|sublink1= Equine Section - WikiNormals
|subtext1= Equine Section
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|subtext1= Equine Section}}
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'''Go to [[#Donkey|Donkey parameters]]'''
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===Horse===
 
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!bgcolor="#A7C1F2" width="180px"|Serum Type
 
!bgcolor="#A7C1F2" width="180px"|Serum Type
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===Donkey===
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!bgcolor="#A7C1F2" width="180px"|Parameter/units
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!bgcolor="#A7C1F2"|Average
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!bgcolor="#A7C1F2"|Range
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!bgcolor="#A7C1F2"|Interpretation
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|-
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!align="left"|Trig mmol/l
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|1
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|(0.2 - 4.3)
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|'''Triglyceride'''. Elevations occur in hyperlipaemia.
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|-
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!align="left" bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|CPK IU/l
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|97
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|(36 - 360)
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|'''Creatine phosphokinase'''. Elevations seen in the presence of acute myopathy: Skeletal myopathy, cardiac myopathy and brain pathology.
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|-
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!align="left"|AST IU/l
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|220
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|(11 - 402)
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|'''Aspartate aminotransferase'''. Elevations seen with acute myopathy or hepatopathy. Elevations in combination with CPK indicate that muscle is the most likely source.
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|-
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!align="left" bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|GGT IU/l
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|29
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|(13 - 79)
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|'''Gamma glutamyl transferase.''' Found in hepatocyte and biliary cell membranes, pancreas and the kidney. Elevations are seen in acute hepatitis, chronic liver cirrhosis, chronic pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity and rarely with  pancreatitis.
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|-
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!align="left"|GLDH IU/l
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|2.9
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|(0.7 - 14.6)
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|'''Glutamate dehydrogenase.''' A mitochondrial enzyme; elevations seen with acute hepatocellular damage, and sometimes seen in skin conditions and enteropathy.
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|-
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!align="left" bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|ALP IU/l
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|265
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|(110 - 563)
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|'''Alkaline phosphatase.''' A brush border enzyme; elevations are seen in chronic biliary obstructive liver pathology, abnormalities of bone metabolism and intestinal disease.
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|-
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!align="left"|Bile acids
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|<20
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|.
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|Elevations occur with impaired hepatobiliary function such as cholelithiasis, acute hepatitis, chronic liver cirrhosis, and chronic pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity. May sometimes be seen with hyperlipaemia, malignant lymphoma and toxic myopathy.
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|-
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!align="left" bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|Tbil μmol/l
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|2.7
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|(1.4 - 7.7)
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|'''Total bilirubin.''' Increases may be difficult to interpret without clinical disease. Levels can increase with anorexia and intestinal malfunction.
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|-
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!align="left"|TP g/l
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|70
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|(58 - 82)
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|'''Total protein'''. Composed of albumin and globulins. Elevations seen with dehydration, inflammation and myeloma. Decreases may be seen with renal and gastrointestinal disease (loss), hepatic disease and starvation (reduced production).
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|-
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!align="left" bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|Alb g/l
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|28
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|(20 - 34)
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|'''Albumin.''' Hypoalbuminaemia may be seen with decreased synthesis resulting from intestinal malabsorption, malnutrition, chronic inflammatory disease and chronic liver disease. It is lost in renal disease and gastrointestinal disease.
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Hypoalbuminaemia occurs only in severe dehydration.
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|-
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!align="left"|Amylase IU/l
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|8
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|(0 - 24)
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|Elevations occur with pancreatitis.
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|-
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!align="left" bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|Lipase IU/l
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|16
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|(1 - 66)
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|Elevations occur with pancreatitis.
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|-
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!align="left"|Glucose mmol/l
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|.
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|(3.1 - 5)
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|Blood '''glucose''' concentration is related to diet, insulin, glucagon and body requirement. Prolonged hyperglycaemia is seen in hyperadrenocorticism and pituitary adenoma. A transient hyperglycaemia occurs postprandially and with stress. Hypoglycaemia can be seen in liver failure, septicaemia, malabsorption and starvation. Can be used for the diagnosis of intestinal  malabsorption. False reductions in serum glucose may occur in vitro due to glycolysis by erythrocytes.
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|-
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!align="left" bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|Na mmol/l
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|.
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|(130 - 149)
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|'''Sodium.''' Hypernatremia may be seen in dehydration and salt poisoning. Hyponatraemia can occur with  diarrhoea, adrenal insufficiency, renal disease, excessive sweating or sequestration of fluid. Hyponatraemia with hyperkalemia may
 +
occur in uroperitoneum and hypoadrenocorticism.
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|-
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!align="left"|K mmol/l
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|.
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|(2.8 - 4.3)
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|Serum '''potassium''' is not a reliable indicator of total body potassium as concentrations vary between the intracellular and extracellular fluid, and values should be interpreted in conjunction with blood pH. Hyperkalemia can occur with tissue necrosis, strenuous exercise, acidemia, uroperitoneum, hypoadrenocorticism and artefactually with erythrocyte haemolysis. Hypokalemia can occur with anorexia, excess sweating, urinary and gastrointestinal loss.
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|-
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!align="left" bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|Cl mmol/l
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|.
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|(95 - 108)
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|Changes in '''chloride''' concentration may accompany changes in sodium concentration, and vary inversely with bicarbonate concentration. Hypochloridemia can result from loss of gastric HCl ''e.g.'' in obstruction of the small intestine, and
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anterior enteritis. It may also occur with loss of colonic Cl ''e.g.'' in colitis.
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|-
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!align="left"|Chol mmol/l
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|.
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|(1 - 3)
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|Elevations in '''cholesterol''' can occur if there is abnormal lipid metabolism and hyperlipaemia.
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|-
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|}
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==References==
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* Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) ''The Professional Handbook of the Donkey'', 4th edition, Whittet Books, Appendix 1
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{{toplink
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|linkpage =Normal Values - Donkey
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|linktext =Normal Values - Donkey
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|sublink1 = WikiNormals
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|subtext1 = WikiNormals
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|pagetype=Donkey
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}}
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{{infotable
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|Maintitle = [[Sponsors#The Donkey Sanctuary|This section was sponsored and content provided by '''THE DONKEY SANCTUARY''']]
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|Maintitlebackcolour = B4CDCD
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}}
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[[Category:Donkey]]

Revision as of 16:54, 12 June 2010

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()Map WIKINORMALS (Map)
EQUINE SECTION


Go to Donkey parameters

Horse

Serum Type Units Full Units Normal Ranges
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM (SI) UNITS
Bicarbonate mmol/L Millimoles per litre 22 - 29
Bilirubin mmol/L Millimoles per litre 5.4 - 51
Calcium mmol/L Millimoles per litre 2.6 - 3.3
Chloride mmol/L Millimoles per litre 97 - 110
Cholesterol mmol/L Millimoles per litre 1.8 - 3.7
Creatinine mmol/L Millimoles per litre 77 - 175
Glucose mmol/L Millimoles per litre 3.5 - 6.3
Magnesium mmol/L Millimoles per litre 0.7 - 1.1
Phosphorus mmol/L Millimoles per litre 0.7 - 1.7
Potassium mmol/L Millimoles per litre 2.8 - 4.7
Protein Albumin g/L Grams per litre 57 - 79
Protein Globulin g/L Grams per litre 24 - 46
Sodium mmol/L Millimoles per litre 133 - 147
Urea Nitrogen mmol/L Millimoles per litre 3.7 - 8.8
UNITED STATES UNITS
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) u/L Units per litre 2.7 - 21
Amylase u/L Units per litre 47 - 188
Alkaline Phosphatase u/L Units per litre 70 - 227
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) u/L Units per litre 116 - 287
Creatine Kinase u/L Units per litre 34 - 166
Gamma Glutamyltransferase (GGT) u/L Units per litre 2.7 - 22
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) u/L Units per litre 102 - 341
Sorbitol Dehydrogenase (SDH) u/L Units per litre 1.2 - 8.5
Bicarbonate mEq/dL Milliequivalents per deci-litre 22 - 29
Bilirubin mEq/dL Milliequivalents per deci-litre 0.3 - 3.0
Calcium mEq/dL Milliequivalents per deci-litre 10.4 - 13.4
Chloride mEq/dL Milliequivalents per deci-litre 97 - 110
Cholesterol mEq/dL Milliequivalents per deci-litre 71 - 142
Creatinine mEq/dL Milliequivalents per deci-litre 0.9 - 2.0
Glucose mEq/dL Milliequivalents per deci-litre 62 - 114
Magnesium mEq/dL Milliequivalents per deci-litre 1.8 - 2.7
Phosphorus mg/dL Milligrams per deci-litre 2.3 - 5.4
Potassium mEq/dL Milliequivalents per deci-litre 2.8 - 4.7
Protein Albumin g/dL Grams per deci-litre 5.7 - 7.9
Protein Globulin g/dL Grams per deci-litre 2.5 - 3.8
Sodium mEq/dL Milliequivalents per deci-litre 133 - 147
Urea Nitrogen mg/dL Milligrams per deci-litre 10.4 - 25
Kahn, Cynthia M., Line, Scott., Aiello, Susan E. (2005) The Merck Veterinary Manual. Ninth Edition ed. New Jersey, United States of America: Merck & Co., Inc. & Merial Limited. pp.Serum Biochemical Reference Guides.

Donkey

Parameter/units Average Range Interpretation
Trig mmol/l 1 (0.2 - 4.3) Triglyceride. Elevations occur in hyperlipaemia.
CPK IU/l 97 (36 - 360) Creatine phosphokinase. Elevations seen in the presence of acute myopathy: Skeletal myopathy, cardiac myopathy and brain pathology.
AST IU/l 220 (11 - 402) Aspartate aminotransferase. Elevations seen with acute myopathy or hepatopathy. Elevations in combination with CPK indicate that muscle is the most likely source.
GGT IU/l 29 (13 - 79) Gamma glutamyl transferase. Found in hepatocyte and biliary cell membranes, pancreas and the kidney. Elevations are seen in acute hepatitis, chronic liver cirrhosis, chronic pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity and rarely with pancreatitis.
GLDH IU/l 2.9 (0.7 - 14.6) Glutamate dehydrogenase. A mitochondrial enzyme; elevations seen with acute hepatocellular damage, and sometimes seen in skin conditions and enteropathy.
ALP IU/l 265 (110 - 563) Alkaline phosphatase. A brush border enzyme; elevations are seen in chronic biliary obstructive liver pathology, abnormalities of bone metabolism and intestinal disease.
Bile acids <20 . Elevations occur with impaired hepatobiliary function such as cholelithiasis, acute hepatitis, chronic liver cirrhosis, and chronic pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity. May sometimes be seen with hyperlipaemia, malignant lymphoma and toxic myopathy.
Tbil μmol/l 2.7 (1.4 - 7.7) Total bilirubin. Increases may be difficult to interpret without clinical disease. Levels can increase with anorexia and intestinal malfunction.
TP g/l 70 (58 - 82) Total protein. Composed of albumin and globulins. Elevations seen with dehydration, inflammation and myeloma. Decreases may be seen with renal and gastrointestinal disease (loss), hepatic disease and starvation (reduced production).
Alb g/l 28 (20 - 34) Albumin. Hypoalbuminaemia may be seen with decreased synthesis resulting from intestinal malabsorption, malnutrition, chronic inflammatory disease and chronic liver disease. It is lost in renal disease and gastrointestinal disease.

Hypoalbuminaemia occurs only in severe dehydration.

Amylase IU/l 8 (0 - 24) Elevations occur with pancreatitis.
Lipase IU/l 16 (1 - 66) Elevations occur with pancreatitis.
Glucose mmol/l . (3.1 - 5) Blood glucose concentration is related to diet, insulin, glucagon and body requirement. Prolonged hyperglycaemia is seen in hyperadrenocorticism and pituitary adenoma. A transient hyperglycaemia occurs postprandially and with stress. Hypoglycaemia can be seen in liver failure, septicaemia, malabsorption and starvation. Can be used for the diagnosis of intestinal malabsorption. False reductions in serum glucose may occur in vitro due to glycolysis by erythrocytes.
Na mmol/l . (130 - 149) Sodium. Hypernatremia may be seen in dehydration and salt poisoning. Hyponatraemia can occur with diarrhoea, adrenal insufficiency, renal disease, excessive sweating or sequestration of fluid. Hyponatraemia with hyperkalemia may

occur in uroperitoneum and hypoadrenocorticism.

K mmol/l . (2.8 - 4.3) Serum potassium is not a reliable indicator of total body potassium as concentrations vary between the intracellular and extracellular fluid, and values should be interpreted in conjunction with blood pH. Hyperkalemia can occur with tissue necrosis, strenuous exercise, acidemia, uroperitoneum, hypoadrenocorticism and artefactually with erythrocyte haemolysis. Hypokalemia can occur with anorexia, excess sweating, urinary and gastrointestinal loss.
Cl mmol/l . (95 - 108) Changes in chloride concentration may accompany changes in sodium concentration, and vary inversely with bicarbonate concentration. Hypochloridemia can result from loss of gastric HCl e.g. in obstruction of the small intestine, and

anterior enteritis. It may also occur with loss of colonic Cl e.g. in colitis.

Chol mmol/l . (1 - 3) Elevations in cholesterol can occur if there is abnormal lipid metabolism and hyperlipaemia.

References

  • Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) The Professional Handbook of the Donkey, 4th edition, Whittet Books, Appendix 1


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NORMAL VALUES - DONKEY
WIKINORMALS


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