View source for Equine Reproduction and Stud Medicine Q&A 06

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'''A 12-year-old multiparous barren mare failed to become pregnant the previous breeding season. Examination of the genital tract reveals a mature follicle present, an open cervix and a slightly distended uterus which, on palpation, expresses air out through the vulvar lips. Speculum examination revealed a reddened and relaxed cervix with air bubbles intermixed in a clear thin watery discharge.'''

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<FlashCard questions="4">
|q1= What clinical conditions may exist?
|a1=Acute and chronic endometritis, pneumovagina, urine pooling and an incompetent cervix.
|l1= Pneumovagina - Horses#Clinical Signs
|q2= What physical changes might be detected on clinical examination which indicate a possible cause of the infertility?
|a2=
(1) Poor conformation of the vulva and anus; 
(2) the presence of air bubbles in the vaginal and/or uterine mucous indicates the possibility of pneumovagina; 
(3) careful manual exploration may indicate injury to the cervix; 
(4) ballooning of the anterior vagina may indicate both pneumovagina or urine pooling; 
(5) palpation and speculum examination to determine the location of the urethral opening and of
downward displacement of the cervix and anterior vagina anterior to the pelvic brim.
|l2= Pneumovagina - Horses#Diagnosis
|q3= Do you regard this mare’s vulva conformation to be a contributing factor to her infertility?
|a3= Yes.
|l3= Pneumovagina - Horses#Introduction
|q4= What importance is attached to the level of the pelvic brim in relation to the vulva?
|a4=The high level of the pelvic brim in relation to the vulva maintains an almost vertical vulva. A low pelvic brim may cause the vulva to tend to a horizontal position.
|l4= Pneumovagina - Horses#Signalment
</FlashCard>

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