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| − | {{review}}
| + | #REDIRECT[[:Category:Cardiovascular Diseases - Dog]] |
| − | {{toplink
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| − | |backcolour =
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| − | |linkpage =Cardiology - WikiClinical
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| − | |linktext =Cardiology
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| − | |sublink1=Cardiovascular Conditions - WikiClinical
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| − | |subtext1=CARDIOVASCULAR CONDITIONS
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| − | |maplink1= Cardiovascular Conditions (Content Map) - WikiClinical
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| − | |pagetype=Clinical
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| − | }}
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| − | <br>
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| − | {{dog}}{{cat}}
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| − | ==[[Hypertension, Systemic]]==
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| − | ===[[Pulmonary Hypertension]]===
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| − | ==Thrombosis==
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| − | [[Image:Pulmonary artery thrombus.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Pulmonary artery thrombus'''. Courtesy of A. Jefferies</center></small>]]
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| − | | |
| − | ===Description===
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| − | Thrombosis is a localized or generalized intravascular clot formation. Thrombi form as the result of trauma or pathological processes affecting the blood vessel endothelium or disturbances to blood flow and/or blood composition. Some diseases such as infective endocarditis and heart worm increase the risk of thrombi formation.
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| − | | |
| − | ===Diagnosis===
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| − | ====History & Clinical Signs====
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| − | *Signs depend on the area affected and the size of the blocked vessel.
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| − | *Poor perfusion below affected area.
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| − | *Malfunction and necrosis of affected organs
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| − | ====Laboratory Findings====
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| − | Abnormalities associated with lack of blood perfusion and/or pathological conditions.
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| − | ====Ultrasonography====
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| − | *Blood stasis
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| − | *Visualization of a thrombus
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| − | | |
| − | ====Angiography====
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| − | *May show lack of opacity in affected region
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| − | ===Treatment===
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| − | | |
| − | -Treat underlying problem | |
| − | | |
| − | -IV Fluids
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| − | -Anticoagulant (Heparin for short term treatment, Aspirin for long term treatment)
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| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ===Prognosis===
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| − | | |
| − | -Depends on underlying condition
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| − | ==Thromboembolism==
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| − | [[Image:sarcoma embolus.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Sarcoma embolus (dog)'''. Courtesy of T. Scase</center></small>]]
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| − | | |
| − | ===Description===
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| − | | |
| − | *As the name implies, a thromboembolism is a clot (thrombus) or foreign body that blocks vessels a distance away from its original site of origin.
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| − | | |
| − | *The most significant sites of thromboembolic formation are the following: lungs, CNS, terminal aorta, kidneys.
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| − | | |
| − | '''Requirements for thromboembolism formation:
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| − | '''
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| − | 1. Disruption of endothelial integrity
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| − | 2. Disruption of flow
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| − | 3. Disruption of blood haemostasis
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| − | 4. Disruption of fibrinolysis
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| − | | |
| − | '''The incidence of thromboembolism greatly increases with certain diseases including:
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| − | '''
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| − | -Heart Disease
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| − | -Neoplasia
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| − | -Blood Disorders
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| − | -Parasitic Diseases
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| − | -Hyperadrenocorticism
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| − | ====Diagnosis====
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| − | =====History & Clinical Signs=====
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| − | '''5 P's:'''
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| − | -Pain
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| − | -Paresis
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| − | -Pallor
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| − | -Pulselessness
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| − | -Polar (cold extremities)
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| − | '''Long Term Effects:'''
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| − | -Necrosis
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| − | '''Specific Problems:'''
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| − | *Signs are dependant on site of thromboembolism
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| − | -Neurological problems (acute)
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| − | -Renal Failure (acute)
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| − | -Dyspnoea (acute)
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| − | | |
| − | ====Laboratory Findings====
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| − | *Heavily dependent on thromboembolic site
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| − | | |
| − | -Hyperkalemia
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| − | -Acidosis
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| − | -Increased Lactate
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| − | -Azotemia
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| − | -Elevated serum creatine phospohokinase
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| − | ====Radiography, Echocardiography, Angiography====
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| − | -Clots may be seen by the above methods
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| − | ===Treatment===
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| − | -Treat underlying conditions
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| − | -Pain Relief (e.g. morphine)
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| − | -Support with IV fluids
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| − | -Anticoagulants:
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| − | 1. Heparin
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| − | 2. Aspirin
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| − | | |
| − | ===Prognosis===
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| − | | |
| − | -Grave
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| − | ==Arteriovenous Fistula==
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| − | ===Description===
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| − | *As the name implies, an arteriovenous fistula is an abnormal direct connection between an artery and a vein. This connection causes the capillary circulation to be completely ignored. We will concentrate on peripheral fistulas here.
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| − | '''The consequences of an arteriovenous fistula are the following:'''
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| − | 1. Increased blood return to the right heart raises cardiac output
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| − | 2. Decreased blood perfusion at the affected site
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| − | 3. Venous hypertension
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| − | *Predisposing causes of arteriovenous fistula formations are: trauma, surgery, neoplasia, etc.
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| − | | |
| − | ===Diagnosis===
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| − | ====History & Clinical Signs====
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| − | *Signs depend on where the AV fistula has formed.
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| − | -Subcutaneous edema
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| − | -Warm Swelling
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| − | -Inflammation
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| − | -Pain +/-
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| − | -Palpable vibration (thrill) over fistula
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| − | -Increased pulse & heart rate
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| − | -Audible continuous murmur over the fistula site
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| − | -Branham sign (decreased heart rate with surgical occlusion of blood flow to fistula)
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| − | | |
| − | ====Angiography====
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| − | -Abnormal direct connection between an artery and a vein
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| − |
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| − | ====Ultrasonography====
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| − | -Abnormal flow visualized
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| − | ===Treatment===
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| − | -Surgical ligation of abnormal vessels to and from the fistula area
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| − | | |
| − | -(+/-) Amputation
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| − | ===Prognosis===
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| − | -Good with complete ligation and cessation of blood flow through the fistula
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| − | -Poor if surgical ligation is unsuccessful at stopping blood flow through the fistula
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| − | | |
| − | ==Vasculitis==
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| − | ===Description===
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| − | *Vasculitis is an inflammatory disease of the vessels.
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| − | *Causes of vessel inflammation are due to the following: neoplasia, infection, toxins, drug reactions, trauma, drug reactions, hypersensativity reactions etc.
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| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ===Diagnosis===
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| − | | |
| − | ====History & Clinical Signs====
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| − | -Heat
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| − | -Edema
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| − | | |
| − | -Pain
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| − | | |
| − | -Petechiation
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| − | -Thrombosis
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| − | | |
| − | -Hemolysis
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