Changes

=== Canine  ===

=== Canine  ===

[[Image:Pug skull.jpg|thumb|right|150px|'''Brachycephalic skull''', nabrown, 2008]] Dogs have different skull lengths depending on breed. '''mesocephalic''' dogs have average conformation whilst '''dolichocephalic''' dogs have longer skull lengths and '''brachycephalic''' dogs have shorter skull lengths. The two sides of the mandible do not fuse allowing some movement in the canine jaw. The '''external sagittal crest''' arises from '''nuchal crest'''. The wings of the basisphenoid bones form the '''oval foramen, spinous foramen''' and '''carotid canal'''. Dogs have no '''foramen lacernum''' and the styloid process absent. In canines the dorsal margin of orbit is formed by the orbital ligament, the orbit is incomplete. <br> <br> <br> <br>

[[Image:Pug skull.jpg|thumb|right|150px|'''Brachycephalic skull''', nabrown, 2008]] Dogs have different skull lengths depending on breed. '''mesocephalic''' dogs have average conformation whilst '''dolichocephalic''' dogs have longer skull lengths and '''brachycephalic''' dogs have shorter skull lengths. The two sides of the mandible do not fuse allowing some movement in the canine jaw. The '''external sagittal crest''' arises from '''nuchal crest'''. The wings of the basisphenoid bones form the '''oval foramen, spinous foramen''' and '''carotid canal'''. Dogs have no '''foramen lacernum''' and the styloid process is absent. In canines, the dorsal orbital margin is formed by the orbital ligament, the orbit is incomplete. <br> <br> <br> <br>

=== Feline  ===

=== Feline  ===

[[Image:Lion skull.jpg|thumb|right|150px|'''Lion skull''', nabrown, 2008]] The mandible appears globular in shape and the large orbits have complete bony margins. There are also large '''tympanic bulla''' which can be palpated. The two parts of the mandible do not fuse allowing some movement. Cats have a '''weak external sagittal crest''' arising from the '''nuchal crest'''. The wings of the basisphenoid bones form the '''oval foramen, spinous foramen''' and '''carotid canal'''. Cats have no '''foramen lacernum''' and the styloid process is absent. The dorsal margin of orbit is formed by the orbital ligament which is ossified. The '''interpareital bone''' does not fuse entirely in the adult. <br> <br> <br>

[[Image:Lion skull.jpg|thumb|right|150px|'''Lion skull''', nabrown, 2008]] The mandible appears globular in shape and the large orbits have complete bony margins. There are also large '''tympanic bullae''' which can be palpated. The two parts of the mandible do not fuse allowing some movement. Cats have a '''weak external sagittal crest''' arising from the '''nuchal crest'''. The wings of the basisphenoid bones form the '''oval foramen, spinous foramen''' and '''carotid canal'''. Cats have no '''foramen lacernum''' and the styloid process is absent. The dorsal margin of orbit is formed by the orbital ligament which is ossified. The '''interparietal bone''' does not fuse entirely in the adult. <br> <br> <br>

=== Equine  ===

=== Equine  ===

[[Image:Horse Skull.jpg|thumb|right|150px|'''Horse Skull''', nabrown, 2008]] Horses have a '''weak external sagittal crest''' arising from the '''nuchal crest'''. They also have an '''internal sagittal crest''' on the '''internal surface of the pareital bone'''. The orbit is placed more laterally with a complete bony rim and a strong '''zygomatic arch''' continues on to form the '''facial crest'''. There is a '''deep nasoincisive notch''' and a prominent '''hamular process'''. Horses have a very large mandible with a '''vascular notch''' and a high ramus. The wings of the basisphenoid bones form the '''oval foramen, spinous notch''' and '''carotid notch'''. Horses have a '''foramen lacernum'''. The zygomatic process articulate with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. Horses have '''three rows of ethmoturbinates present'''. <br> <br> <br> <br> <br>

[[Image:Horse Skull.jpg|thumb|right|150px|'''Horse Skull''', nabrown, 2008]] Horses have a '''weak external sagittal crest''' arising from the '''nuchal crest'''. They also have an '''internal sagittal crest''' on the '''internal surface of the parietal bone'''. The orbit is placed more laterally with a complete bony rim and a strong '''zygomatic arch''' continues on to form the '''facial crest'''. There is a '''deep nasoincisive notch''' and a prominent '''hamular process'''. Horses have a very large mandible with a '''vascular notch''' and a high ramus. The wings of the basisphenoid bones form the '''oval foramen, spinous notch''' and '''carotid notch'''. Horses have a '''foramen lacernum'''. The zygomatic process articulate with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. Horses have '''three rows of ethmoturbinates present'''. <br> <br> <br> <br> <br>

=== Ruminant  ===

=== Ruminant  ===

=== Porcine  ===

=== Porcine  ===

[[Image:Pig skull.jpg|thumb|right|150px|'''Pig skull''', nabrown, 2008]] Pigs have a thick nucal crest and an '''internal sagittal crest''' on the internal surface of the pareital bone. They have a prominent '''temporal line''' and their orbit is incomplete and small. There is a strong and deep zygomatic arch, large tympanic bullae and a high caudal part of the skull. The styloid process absent. <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br>

[[Image:Pig skull.jpg|thumb|right|150px|'''Pig skull''', nabrown, 2008]] Pigs have a thick nuchal crest and an '''internal sagittal crest''' on the internal surface of the parietal bone. They have a prominent '''temporal line''' and their orbit is incomplete and small. There is a strong and deep zygomatic arch, large tympanic bullae and a high caudal part of the skull. The styloid process is absent. <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br>

=== Avian  ===

=== Avian  ===

[[Image:Bird skull.jpg|thumb|right|150px|'''Bird skull''', nabrown, 2008]] Birds have '''pneumatised skull bones''' which connect to airways in the head rather than the air sacs. They have large orbits and their skull plates are separated by spongy bone. A '''single occipital condyle''' articulates with the '''atlas''' allowing more rotation of the head. In parrots, the nasal bone and frontal bone are joined by a flexible cartliage structure allowing greater jaw opening which is called the craniofacial hinge. This allows kinesis to occur. Birds have thin '''jugal arches''' (equivalent to zygomatic arch) and the middle ear contains only the columella (equivalent to the stapes). <br> <br>

[[Image:Bird skull.jpg|thumb|right|150px|'''Bird skull''', nabrown, 2008]] Birds have '''pneumatised skull bones''' which connect to airways in the head rather than the air sacs. They have large orbits and their skull plates are separated by spongy bone. A '''single occipital condyle''' articulates with the '''atlas''' allowing more rotation of the head. In parrots, the nasal bone and frontal bone are joined by a flexible cartilage structure allowing greater jaw opening which is called the craniofacial hinge. This allows kinesis to occur. Birds have thin '''jugal arches''' (equivalent to zygomatic arch) and the middle ear contains only the columella (equivalent to the stapes). <br> <br>

== Test yourself with our Skull and Facial Muscles Flashcards  ==

== Test yourself with our Skull and Facial Muscles Flashcards  ==

[[Facial Muscles - Musculoskeletal - Flashcards|Facial Muscles Flashcards]]  

[[Facial Muscles - Musculoskeletal - Flashcards|Facial Muscles Flashcards]]  

[[Category:Musculoskeletal_System_-_Anatomy_&_Physiology]] [[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

[[Category:Musculoskeletal_System_-_Anatomy_&_Physiology]] [[Category:A&P Done]]