Difference between revisions of "Category:Intestine - Physical Disturbances"

From WikiVet English
Jump to navigation Jump to search
(Created page with ' == Category:Obstruction, Intestinal == ==Positional Changes/ Displacements== ===Hernia=== * A hernia is defined as the displacement of the [[Small Intestine - Anatomy…')
 
 
(7 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
 +
{{frontpage
 +
|pagetitle =Intestine - Physical Disturbances
 +
|pagebody =
 +
|contenttitle =Content
 +
|contentbody =<big><b>
  
== [[:Category:Obstruction, Intestinal]] ==
+
<categorytree mode=pages>Intestine - Physical Disturbances</categorytree>
 
 
==Positional Changes/ Displacements==
 
 
===Hernia===
 
 
 
* A hernia is defined as the displacement of the [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]] through a normal or pathologic foramina.
 
** Occasionally, the [[Large Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|large intestine]] is involved.
 
 
 
====Pathogenesis====
 
 
 
* Associated with trauma or the weakening of tissues.
 
** For example,
 
*** Old age
 
*** Pregnancy
 
*** Straining
 
*** Wound dehiscence.
 
* Most hernias are external[[Image:hernial sac.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Diagram of a hernial sac (Courtesy of Elspeth Milne)]]
 
** Contents pass through a hernial ring in the abdominal wall.
 
** Are covered with parietal peritoneum, soft tissue and skin.
 
*** A hernial sac.
 
 
====Sequelae==== 
 
 
 
* The sequelae depend on whether the hernia is reducible, or is an incarceration.
 
 
 
 
 
=====Reducible hernia=====
 
 
 
* The hernial contents are freely moveable.
 
* There are NO sequelae.
 
 
 
 
 
=====Incarceration=====
 
 
 
* The [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]] contents are  trapped.
 
** The hernia is non-reducible.
 
* Venous drainage is obstruced.
 
** Oedema
 
** Congestion
 
* Adhesions form between the contents and the sac.
 
* Accumulated gas/ ingesta distends the herniated viscus.
 
* Obstruction of lumen leads to
 
** Rupture
 
** Peritonitis
 
** Death.
 
 
 
====Types of hernia====
 
 
 
* '''Umbilical''' - usually congenital.
 
* '''Diaphragmatic''' - common following road traffic accidents in the dog and cat.
 
* '''Inguinal/scrotal''' -  may be:
 
** Congenital
 
** Acquired
 
*** E.g. post castration of stallion
 
* '''Perineal''' - old male dogs with prostate enlargement.
 
* '''Ventral''' -wound site breakdown, old mares
 
* '''Omental/mesenteric''' - internal hernias.
 
[[Image:volvulus.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Volvulus (Courtesy of Bristol BioMed Image Archive)]]
 
 
 
===Volvulus===
 
 
 
* A twist about the long axis of the gut.
 
* Generally in the [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]].
 
* Intense congestion
 
** Often almost black.
 
* Mostly in young animals
 
** Especially calves and piglets
 
** Occasionally sheep and dogs. 
 
** Occasionally in greater mesentery of horse.
 
 
 
====Pathogenesis====
 
* Loop of bowel twists through 180 degrees around mesentery to produce obstruction of lumen.
 
* Proximal the the obstruction, the bowel becomes rapidly distended.
 
** Venous return is first shut off, but the arterial supply remains.
 
*** Bowel becomes engorged with blood.
 
** Produces rapid death.
 
* Bowel becomes hypoxic.[[Image:Large_colon_torsion_horse.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Torsion of the large colon in the horse (Courtesy of Elspeth Milne)]]
 
** Toxic material and bacteria pass through the anoxic wall of bowel.
 
* In piglets may see whole of [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]] twisted around root of mesentery.
 
** Very little can be done to resolve this** Produces rapid death
 
 
 
===Torsion===
 
* A twist across the long axis of gut.
 
* Most common in the [[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology|colon]] of the pig and the horse
 
 
 
===Intussusception===
 
[[Image:intussusception.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Diagram of intussuscception (Courtesy of Elspeth Milne)]]
 
* Telescoping of one segment of the bowel into another.
 
* Occurs in all species.
 
** Particularly in young dogs.
 
* Can occur in the [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]], [[Caecum - Anatomy & Physiology|caecum]] or [[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology|colon]].
 
 
 
====Clinical====
 
 
 
* Intussusception is a less acute type of obstruction. 
 
* Produces intermittent [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]].
 
* Animals go downhill in a few days. 
 
* Palpation of abdomen may allow a "Cumberland sausage" effect to be felt.
 
** NB abdominal palpation in small animal, rectal palpation in large animal.
 
 
 
====Pathogenesis====
 
 
 
* Proximal intestine invaginates into lower part of intestine.[[Image:intussuceptionphoto.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Intersusception (Courtesy of Bristol BioMed Image Archive)]]
 
** Takes mesenteric attachment with it.
 
* Compression of the mesenteric vessels obstructs venous drainage of the gut, resulting in venous congestion.
 
** Swelling (oedema/congestion) arises.
 
*** Inflammatory exudate from serous surface.
 
**** Fibrinous adhesions form between surfaces making structure irreducible.
 
* May progress to necrosis and gangrene of the tissue.
 
* There is often functional obstruction to bowel.
 
* May rupture, leading to peritonitis and death.
 
*Associated with anything that raises peristalsis e.g. change in diet, bacterial infection.
 
** Foreign body
 
** Intramural abscess/tumour
 
** Heavy parasitism
 
** Previous intestinal surgery
 
** Enteritis
 
** Other motility disorders.
 
** Change in diet
 
** Bacterial infection
 
 
 
====Pathology====
 
 
 
* When operate or at post mortem see large sausage shaped distension of length of intestine.
 
 
 
* Intussusception may occur post mortem
 
** There are no associated changes
 
** The condition is easilt reducible.
 
 
 
===Rectal prolapse===
 
 
 
* Pig, sheep, cattle
 
* Related to prolonged tenesmus, e.g.
 
** Colitis
 
** Urinary infection
 
** Obstruction
 
** Hepatic failure.
 
 
 
  
 +
</b></big>
 +
|logo =path-logo.png
 +
}}
  
 
'''References''' <br /br>
 
'''References''' <br /br>

Latest revision as of 18:32, 15 February 2011


References

Brown CC, Baker DC, Barker IK: Alimentary System. In: Jubb, Kennedy and Palmer's Pathology of Domestic Animals, ed. Maxie MG, 5th ed., pp. 1-296. Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA, 2007.

McGavin DM & Zachary, JF: Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, 4th ed, pp. 301-393.Elsevier, St. Louis, Missouri, 2007.

Subcategories

This category has only the following subcategory.

Pages in category "Intestine - Physical Disturbances"

The following 5 pages are in this category, out of 5 total.