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| − | ==Introduction==
| + | #REDIRECT[[:Category:Lungs - Developmental Pathology]] |
| − | *Congenital abnormalities of lungs are very rare, but most common in cattle
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| − | *Most congenital abnormalities are incompatible with life
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| − | ===Accessory lungs===
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| − | *Most common developmental disorder, especially in cattle
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| − | *Incompletely differentiated pulmonary tissue present anywhere in the trunk
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| − | *Grossly:
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| − | **Lobulated oedematous masses
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| − | **May be connected to uper alimentary tract
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| − | *Histologically:
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| − | **Dialated structures resembling bronchioles
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| − | **Alveoli and ducts developed to varying degree
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| − | *May cause birthing difficulties
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| − | ===Ciliary dyskinesia===
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| − | *See [[Ciliary Dyskinesia]]
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| − | ===Congenital melanosis===
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| − | *Affects pigs and ruminants
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| − | *Is not clinically significant, often found at slaughter house
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| − | *Black spots in various organs, including lungs
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| − | *See [[Pigmentation - Pathology#Melanin|melanosis in general pathology]]
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| − | ===Congenital atelectasis===
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| − | *Incomplete expansion of the lung at birth (congenital) or collapse of previously air-filled lung ([[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Atelectasis (Collapse)|acquired]])
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| − | *Failure of lung tissue to expand at birth
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| − | *Ranges from total in stillborn animals to patchy areas in the case of weak neonates, showing more in the dependant lobes in recumbency
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| − | *'''The neonatal respiratory syndrome'''
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| − | **Best documented in foals but reported in other species
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| − | **Also features extensive atelectasis
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| − | **These animals are called 'barkers' due to the noise made during forced expiration
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| − | *Gross pathology:
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| − | **Red fleshy appearance to the affected part, depressed below the surface if there are adjacent normal aerated areas
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| − | **Cut surface oozes blood, perhaps some froth in 'barkers'
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| − | **Affected areas sink or are submerged in fixative
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| − | *Micro pathology:
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| − | **Close approximation of capillary walls
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| − | **Little normal alveolar pattern
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| − | **'Barkers' may have a proteinaceous fluid in alveoli with hyaline membranes in lower airways
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| − | *Cause:
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| − | **In weak neonates -inadequate respiratory effort or damage to the respiratory centres in the brain, aspiration of amniotic fluid or meconium
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| − | **In 'barkers'- defective production of surfactant by the Type 2 alveolar epithelium
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| − | *Foals that survive may have hypoxic damage to their brain, walk aimlessly and lack normal sense of fear - "wanderers"
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| − | ===Congenital lobar emphysema===
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| − | *See [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Developmental - Pathology#Congenital lobar emphysema|congenital lobar emphysema]]
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| − | ===Pulmonary hypoplasia===
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| − | *Mostly associated with [[Hernia, Pleuroperitoneal Diaphragmatic |congenital diaphragmatic hernia]]
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| − | ===Congenital alveolar dysplasia===
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| − | *Most common in dogs
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| − | *Grossly:
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| − | **Lungs retain fetal appearance and are poorly aerated
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| − | *Histologically:
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| − | **Uneven size and shape of alveoli, smaller number overall
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| − | **Dilated blood vessels within extensive interstitial tissue
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| − | *It is possible that in utero infection may contribute to this
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| − | ==Test yourself with the Lungs Pathology Flashcards==
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| − | [[Lungs_Flashcards_-_Pathology|Lungs Pathology Flashcards]]
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| − | [[Category:Respiratory System - Pathology]]
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