Difference between revisions of "Lungs Circulatory - Pathology"

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#REDIRECT[[:Category:Lungs - Circulatory Pathology]]
 
 
==Hyperaemia==
 
*Localised of diffuse as part of acute inflammation
 
 
 
 
 
==Congestion==
 
*Decreased outflow of venous blood
 
*Most commonly caused by left-sided or bilateral cardiac failure
 
**Stagnant blood in pulmonary vessels -> red blood cells move into alveoli and are phagocytosed -> [[Pigmentation and Calcification - Pathology#Haemosiderin|haemosiderin in macrophages]] (heart failure cells)
 
*One-sided in post-mortem hypostatic congestion
 
*Acute pulmonary congestion is seen after barbiturate euthanasia
 
*Leads to pulmonary oedema (below)
 
 
 
 
 
==[[Pulmonary Oedema]]==
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
==Pulmonary haemorrhage==
 
[[Image:Pulmonary haemorrhage.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Pulmonary haemorrhage (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 
*Potential sequel of septicaemias, bleeding disorders, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and severe congestion, severe acute inflammation, "back splashing" at slaughter (aspiration of blood)
 
*[[Exercise Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage|'''Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage''' (EIPH)]]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
==Embolism, thrombosis and infarction==
 
[[Image:Pulmonary infarction.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Pulmonary infarction (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 
[[Image:Segmental pulmonary infarction.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Segmental pulmonary infarction (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 
 
 
*Lungs are strategically situated to catch emboli carried in venous blood
 
*Because the lung is supplied by both pulmonary and bronchial arteries and has extensive collateral channels, infarction usually does not follow embolism or thrombosis unless pulmonary circulation is already compromised
 
*In animals, greatest risk comes from:
 
**'''Tumor emboli'''
 
***From e.g.: osteosarcoma and haemangiosarcoma in dogs, uterine carcinoma in cattle
 
**'''Septic emboli''' 
 
***From bacterial [[Endocarditis|endocarditis]], jugular thrombophlebitis, [[Hepatic Abscessation|hepatic abscesses]] etc.
 
***May cause unexpected death if in large numbers
 
***May develop [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology|suppurative pneumonia]] -> [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Pulmonary abscesses|pulmonary abscesses]], [[Arteritis|arteritis]], [[Thrombosis|thrombosis]]
 
*Pulmonary infarcts usually occur when there is embolisation or thrombosis during general circulatory collapse or passive congestion of heart failure
 
*Pulmonary thromboembolism is a sequel to in cattle to large emboli from liver abscesses close to the vena cava
 
**Death may ocur due to massive haemorrhaging into lung tissue
 
*Parasites (e.g. [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#Dirofilaria immitis|''Dirofilaria immitis'']], [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#Angiostrongylus vasorum|''Angiostrongylus vasorum'']]) may be responsible
 
*Long-term intravenous catheterisation may cuse thrombi pieces breaking off and lodging in pulmonary vessels
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
==Pulmonary hypertension==
 
*Caused by '''left-to-right vascular shunts''' or increased resistance of the pulmonary vascular system
 
 
 
*In animals, it is most commonly a sequel of '''widespread fibrosis in the lung''' or [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic bronchitis|chronic bronchitis or bronchiolitis]] which stimulates hypertrophy in the walls of small arteries
 
*Severe prolonged pulmonary hypertension leads to [[Cor Pulmonale|'''cor pulmonale''']], right-sided heart failure secondary to primary lung disease
 
 
 
==Test yourself with the Lungs Pathology Flashcards==
 
[[Lungs_Flashcards_-_Pathology|Lungs Pathology Flashcards]]
 

Latest revision as of 17:11, 19 February 2011