Difference between revisions of "Fly Worry"

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==Pathogenesis==
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== Introduction ==
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*Production losses
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''[[Musca spp.]]'' flies, of the family muscadiae are classed as [[:Category:Nuisance Flies|'nuisance flies']] and [[:Category:Biting Flies|'biting flies']] as they can cause fly worry in animals, particularly livestock.
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**Reduced weight gain
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**Reduced milk yield
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These flies not only cause fly worry but can be vectors for disease. Muscadiae flies can transmit the viral disease coxsackie, enteroviruses and poliomyelitis, as well as [[African Horse Sickness]]. They carry the bacteria ''[[Bacillus anthracis]]'', [[Escherichia coli|''E.coli'']], [[Salmonella|''Salmonella'']], [[Shigella|''Shigella'']] and ''[[Moraxella bovis]]'' and are intermediate hosts for [[helminths]] such as [[Habronema and Draschia spp.|''Habronema'']] in horses, some poultry tapeworms, [[Parafilaria spp.|''Parafiliaria'']] and [[Thelazia - Cattle|''Thelazia'']] in cattle.
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**Fly worry
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Not only do ''Musca'' flies carry these diseases, they also feeds on secretions from the eyes, nose and mouth as well as blood left in wounds by other flies.
 
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There may be more flies in unhygienic conditions as flies are attracted to and will lay eggs in manure.
 
  
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Animals become so distressed by the presence of flies swarming around them, particularly their head and eyes, that they will eat less and therefore have a reduced weight gain and there will be production losses. Animals may move suddenly and try to escape them, causing self trauma. This may then predispose to [[Blowfly Strike|blowfly strike]], secondary bacterial infection and other conditions.
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*Disease transmission
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**Viruses
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***E.g. Coxsackie, enteroviruses, poliomyelitis
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**Bacteria
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***E.g. [[Bacillus species#Bacillus anthracis|Anthrax]], [[Escherichia coli|''E.coli'']], [[Salmonella|''Salmonella'']], [[Shigella|''Shigella'']], [[Moraxella bovis|New Forest Eye Disease]]
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**Helminths
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***E.g. Intermediate hosts for [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Helminths|''Habronema'']] in horses, some poultry tapeworms, [[Parafilaria spp.|''Parafiliaria'']] and [[Cattle#Other Cattle Nematodes|''Thelazia'']] in cattle
  
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== Signalment ==
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*Feeds on secretions from the eyes, nose and mouth as well as blood left in wounds by other flies
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Any animal or any breed, age or sex can be affected by fly worry, particularly so if the environment is unhygienic.
 
  
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== Clinical Signs ==
 
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Production losses, reduced weight gain, reduced milk yield and notable signs of fly worry such as tossing of the head, sudden movements and reluctance to eat. There may also be signs of self trauma such as 'broken head' in sheep and other abrasions on the animal.
 
  
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== Diagnosis ==
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==Control==
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Clinical signs and visualisation of flies on the animal or around the animal.
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*Fly control in breeding and resting sites (to reduce the source)
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**Breeding sites
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***Good sanitation
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***Collect dung in heaps
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***Spray surface of heaps with insecticide to kill surviving adults and larvae
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***Biological control
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**Resting sites
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***Spray inside and outsides of buildings with insecticide
  
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== Treatment and Control ==
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*Fly control on the host
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It is vital to ensure fly control in breeding and resting sites (to reduce the source). Good sanitation is vital to reduce the area of breeding sites, such as collection of dung into heaps, spraying the surface of dung heaps with insecticide to kill surviving adults and larvae. Spraying resting sites such as farm buildings etc with insecticide is also important.
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**Wide range of products available
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**Nil or short withdrawal period needed for milking animals or animals going for slaughter
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Fly control on the host is imperative and a wide range of products are available in pour on or spot on forms and even as insecticide impregnated ear tags. These products have nil or short withdrawal periods, which is needed for milking animals or animals going for slaughter.
 
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{{Learning
 
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|flashcards = [[Sheep Medicine Q&A 08]]
 
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}}
 
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== References ==
 
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Fox, M and Jacobs, D. (2007) '''Parasitology Study Guide Part 1: Ectoparasites,''''' Royal Veterinary College.''
 
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Quinn, P.J., Markey, B.K., Carter, M.E., Donnelly, W.J., Leonard, F.C. (2007) '''Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease, '''''Blackwell Publishing.'''
 
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{{review}}
 
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{{OpenPages}}
 
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[[Category:Expert Review - Farm Animal]][[Category:Dermatological Diseases - Cattle]][[Category:Dermatological Diseases - Sheep]][[Category:Dermatological Diseases - Horse]]
 

Revision as of 15:03, 22 February 2011

Pathogenesis

  • Production losses
    • Reduced weight gain
    • Reduced milk yield
    • Fly worry
  • Feeds on secretions from the eyes, nose and mouth as well as blood left in wounds by other flies


Control

  • Fly control in breeding and resting sites (to reduce the source)
    • Breeding sites
      • Good sanitation
      • Collect dung in heaps
      • Spray surface of heaps with insecticide to kill surviving adults and larvae
      • Biological control
    • Resting sites
      • Spray inside and outsides of buildings with insecticide
  • Fly control on the host
    • Wide range of products available
    • Nil or short withdrawal period needed for milking animals or animals going for slaughter
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