|
|
| (9 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| − | ==Generalised==
| + | #REDIRECT[[:Category:Bones - Developmental Pathology]] |
| − | | |
| − | [[Dwarfism]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ===[[Chondrodysplasia]]===
| |
| − |
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ===Osteopetrosis (Marble bone disease)===
| |
| − | | |
| − | *Occurs in sheep, dogs, cattle, horses
| |
| − | *Failure of resorption by osteoclasts -> failure of remodelling of [[Bones - Anatomy & Physiology#Organisation of Bone|cancellous bone]]
| |
| − | *Bones become thickened and dense but brittle
| |
| − | *Marrow cavites are full of unresorbed primary spongiosa
| |
| − | *Thickened intramembranous bones of skull -> altered shape of brain
| |
| − | *Associated with severe viral infections, e.g. '''FeLV''', [[Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus|BVD]]
| |
| − | *Hereditary in Angus cattle
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Bones - Developmental Pathology]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ===Lysosomal storage disease===
| |
| − | | |
| − | *Excess accumulation of metabolites in lysosomes
| |
| − | *Affects mainly nervous system
| |
| − | *Also affects growth of cartilage
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Bones - Developmental Pathology]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ===Osteogenesis Imperfecta===
| |
| − | | |
| − | *Cause of fragile bones in humans, very rarely in animals
| |
| − | *Reported in Holstein and Charolais calves
| |
| − | *Poor mineralisation of bones and teeth
| |
| − | *Fractures are often present at birth
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Bones - Developmental Pathology]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ===Congenital hyperostosis of pigs===
| |
| − | [[Image:Hyperostosis.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Hyperostosis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | *Rare, genetic
| |
| − | *Diaphysial dysplasia
| |
| − | *Excessive periosteal intramembranous bone, particularly in long bones
| |
| − | *Grossly:
| |
| − | **Greatly thickened long bones
| |
| − | **Tense, shiny skin, closely adherent to tissues below
| |
| − | *Born dead or die soon after birth
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Bones - Developmental Pathology]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ===Retention of elongated primary trabeculae===
| |
| − | | |
| − | *Happens due to impaired osteoclastic activity
| |
| − | *Primary trabeculae do not transform into secondary and tertiary
| |
| − | *Continue to elongate
| |
| − | *Form a dense band beneath growth plate - growth retardation lattice
| |
| − | *Dense spikules apparent on radiographs
| |
| − | *Can be caused by [[Paramyxoviridae#Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)|distemper virus]], [[Flaviviridae|bovine viral diarrhoea virus]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Bones - Developmental Pathology]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ==Localised==
| |
| − | | |
| − | *'''Hemimelia''' - abscence of one of limb bones
| |
| − | *'''Syndactylia''' - fusion of toes
| |
| − | *'''Polydactylia''' - increased number of digits
| |
| − | *'''Ectrodactylia''' - cleft in paw extending to metacarpus of dogs and cats
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ===Cervical Vertebral Stenotic Myelopathy (Wobblers)===
| |
| − | | |
| − | *Equine disease
| |
| − | *Narrowing of the vertebral canal due to malalignment or maldevelopment of the vertebrae
| |
| − | *Fast growing male TBs ranging from 8 months to 4 years
| |
| − | *Hind limb ataxia due to cord compression
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Bones - Developmental Pathology]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ===Angular limb deformity===
| |
| − | | |
| − | *Lateral deviation of distal portion of limb (valgus)
| |
| − | *Medial deviation of distal portion of limb (varus) - more rare
| |
| − | *Most common in foals
| |
| − | **Carpal joint
| |
| − | **Tarsal joint
| |
| − | **Fetlock joint
| |
| − | *Congenital or acquired
| |
| − | *Due to:
| |
| − | **Malpositioning in utero
| |
| − | **Excessive joint laxity
| |
| − | **[[Hypothyroidism|Hypothyroidism]]
| |
| − | **Trauma
| |
| − | **Overnutrition
| |
| − | **Defective endochondral ossification
| |
| − | **Poor conformation
| |
| − | **Disruption of blood supply to one side of bone
| |
| − | **Secondary to [[Bones Developmental - Pathology#Physitis|physitis in horses]]
| |
| − | *Usually resolves spontaneously in one to two weeks of life
| |
| − | *More severe cases exceding compensatory capabilities will persisist
| |
| − | *[[Bone & Cartilage Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Cartilage development]] is affected
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Bones - Developmental Pathology]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ===Fibrous dysplasia===
| |
| − | | |
| − | *See [[Bones Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Fibrous dysplasia|Bones and Cartilage - hyperplastic and neoplastic]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Bones - Developmental Pathology]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ===Physitis===
| |
| − | | |
| − | *In horses
| |
| − | *Often associated with [[Bones Developmental - Pathology#Angular limb deformity|angular limb deformity]]
| |
| − | *Also called '''epiphysitis''' and '''physeal dysplasia'''
| |
| − | *Problem of [[Bone & Cartilage Development - Anatomy & Physiology|endochondral ossification]]
| |
| − | *Two age groups
| |
| − | **Weanlings
| |
| − | **Yearlings in early training and two-year-olds
| |
| − | *May cause contracted tendons and flexural deformities
| |
| − | *Factors probably involved in its development:
| |
| − | **Genetically fast growth rate
| |
| − | **Large quantities of imbalanced, high energy feed
| |
| − | **Imbalanced weight-bearing on joints
| |
| − | **Excessive activity
| |
| − | **Growth spurts
| |
| − | *Histologically: (appearance similar to [[Bones Developmental - Pathology#Angular limb deformity|angular limb deformity]])
| |
| − | **Lateral aspect of radius
| |
| − | ***Thickened metaphyseal part of physeal cartilage
| |
| − | ***-> Delay or disturbance of endochondral ossification
| |
| − | ***Compression
| |
| − | **Central part
| |
| − | ***No obvious deformity
| |
| − | **Medial aspect
| |
| − | ***Tension
| |
| − | ***-> Transverse [[Bones Fractures - Pathology|fractures]] and repair
| |
| − | **Laxity of periarticular attachements in young foals allows [[Bones Developmental - Pathology#Angular limb deformity|angular limb deformity]]; not occuring in older foals and young horses
| |
| − | **(Sustained trauma produces similar lesions)
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Bones - Developmental Pathology]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ==Test yourself with the Bone and Cartilage Pathology Flashcards==
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[Bones_and_Cartilage_Flashcards_-_Pathology|Bones and Cartilage Flashcards]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | [http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/horses/facts/info_congenital.htm#musculoskeletal Developmental abnormalities]
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Musculoskeletal System - Pathology]]
| |