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Pleuritis (view source)

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|backcolour = D1EEEE
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|linkpage =Cardiorespiratory System - Pathology
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|linktext =Cardiorespiratory System
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|maplink = Cardiorespiratory System (Content Map) - Pathology
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|pagetype =Pathology
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|sublink1=Pleural Cavity and Membranes - Pathology
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|subtext1=PLEURAL CAVITY AND MEMBRANES
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==Pleuritis==
 
==Pleuritis==
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*Common in animals
 
*Common in animals
 
*Inflammatory agents reach the pleura by:
 
*Inflammatory agents reach the pleura by:
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**Extension from [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology|pneumonia]]
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**Extension from [[:Category:Pneumonia|pneumonia]]
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***Pleuropneumonia (fibrinous [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]])- inflammation of [[Mesothelial cells|mesothelial cells]] associated with parenchymal disease due to bacterial infection
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***Pleuropneumonia (fibrinous [[Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]])- inflammation of [[Mesothelial cells|mesothelial cells]] associated with parenchymal disease due to bacterial infection
 
**Bloodstream
 
**Bloodstream
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**Trans-diaphragmatic lymphatics from [[Peritoneal cavity - inflammatory|peritoneal cavity]]
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**Trans-diaphragmatic lymphatics from [[Peritonitis|peritoneal cavity]]
 
**Penetration of the chest
 
**Penetration of the chest
 
**From mediastinal abscessation
 
**From mediastinal abscessation
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**Penetration from [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] or abdominal viscus (commonly [[Forestomach - Inflammation#Traumatic Reticulitis|bovine traumatic recticulitis]])
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**Penetration from [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] or abdominal viscus (commonly [[Traumatic Reticulitis|bovine traumatic recticulitis]])
 
*Common acute forms:
 
*Common acute forms:
 
**Purulent  
 
**Purulent  
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****Organising fibrinous pleuritis in which the visceral pleura becomes enveloped in a restrictive fibrous blanket  
 
****Organising fibrinous pleuritis in which the visceral pleura becomes enveloped in a restrictive fibrous blanket  
 
****Pleural adhesions, especially common in ruminants and pigs
 
****Pleural adhesions, especially common in ruminants and pigs
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*Granulomatous pleuritis may cause [[Bones Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Hypertrophic osteopathy|hypertrophic osteopathy]]
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*Granulomatous pleuritis may cause [[Hypertrophic Osteopathy|hypertrophic osteopathy]]
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===[[Pyothorax]] (Thoracic empyema)===
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===Pyothorax (Thoracic empyema)===
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*Purulent effusion in the pleural space
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*Most significant in:
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**'''Horses'''
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***Usually secondary to [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology|pneumonia]] or [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Pulmonary abscesses|lung abscesses]]
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***[[Streptococci|''Streptococci'']] are most commonly isolated
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***Usually yellow exudate
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***Often triggered by stress of travelling, competition or similar
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**'''Dogs'''
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***Often results from migrating grass awns
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***[[Actinomycetes|''Actinomyces, Nocardia'']] and [[Bacteroides|''Bacteroides'' spp.]] are the most frequently recovered organisms
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***Usually blood stained viscous or creamy exudate, often bilateral
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***Yellowish granules may be present within the exudate
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***Thickened pleura, sometimes fibrinous
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**'''Cats'''
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***Pathogenesis is unclear, possible due to bite wounds or penetrated oesophagus
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***[[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''P. multocida'']] and other Gram-negative organisms are frequently recovered
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***Usually creamy yellow or greyish brown exudate, often bilateral
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{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"  
 
{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"  
 
| .
 
| .
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| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology|'''VIRAL''']]
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| [[:Category:Respiratory Viral Infections|'''VIRAL''']]
 
| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology|'''BACTERIAL''']]
 
| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology|'''BACTERIAL''']]
 
| [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology|'''FUNGAL''']]
 
| [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology|'''FUNGAL''']]
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| .
 
| .
 
| .
 
| .
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| [[Actinomycetes|''Actinomyces'']] and [[Bacteroides|''Bacteroides'' spp.]]  
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| ''[[Actinomyces]]'' and [[Bacteroides|''Bacteroides'' spp.]]  
 
| .
 
| .
 
| .
 
| .
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|-
 
|-
 
| '''Cats'''
 
| '''Cats'''
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| [[Intestines - Granulomatous Enteritis#Feline Infectious Peritonitis|FIP]]
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| [[Feline Infectious Peritonitis|FIP]]
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| [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''P. multocida'']] and other Gram-negative organisms  
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| [[Pasteurella multocida|''P. multocida'']] and other Gram-negative organisms  
 
| .
 
| .
 
| .
 
| .
 
|-
 
|-
 
| '''Horses'''
 
| '''Horses'''
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| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Hendra virus|Hendra virus]]
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| [[Hendra Virus|Hendra virus]]
 
| extension from nasopharyngeal flora
 
| extension from nasopharyngeal flora
 
| .
 
| .
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| .
 
| .
 
| .
 
| .
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| [[Streptococci|''Streptococci'']]  
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| [[:Category:Streptococcus species|''Streptococci'']]  
 
| .
 
| .
 
| .
 
| .
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|-
 
|-
 
| '''Pigs'''
 
| '''Pigs'''
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| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Swine influenza|Swine influenza]]
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| [[Swine Influenza|Swine influenza]]
 
| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae|''Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae'']]
 
| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae|''Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae'']]
 
| .
 
| .
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|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
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==Test yourself with the Pleural Cavity and Membranes Pathology Flashcards==
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 +
[[Pleural_Cavity_and_Membranes_Flashcards_-_Pathology|Pleural Cavity and Membranes Pathology Flashcards]]
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 +
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[[Category:Pleural Cavity and Membranes - Pathology]]
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[[Category:Respiratory System - Inflammatory Pathology]]
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