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| − | ===[[Degenerative Joint Disease]] ===
| + | #redirect[[:Category:Joints - Degenerative Pathology]] |
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| − | ====[[Patellar Luxation]]====
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| − | ====[[Atlantoaxial Luxation]]====
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| − | ====Temporomandibular====
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| − | Luxations and subluxations
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| − | *In dogs, particularly Basset Hounds, Irish Setters
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| − | *Normal movement of mandibular coronoid process is interfered with by zygomatic arch
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| − | *Happens on one side -> open jaw locking
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| − | [[Category:Joints - Degenerative Pathology]]
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| − | ===Calve Legg-Perthe's disease===
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| − | *Almost exlusively in small dogs, particularly terriers and poodles
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| − | *Clinical signs appear at age of 4-11 months
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| − | *Grossly:
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| − | **[[Osteosis|Aseptic ischaemic necrosis]] in central parts of femoral head
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| − | ***Possibly due to occlusion of blood vessels
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| − | **Fragmentation of [[Bones - Anatomy & Physiology|trabecular bone]]
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| − | **Collapse of femoral head
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| − | **Revascularisation of femoral head
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| − | **Formation of new bone and [[Musculoskeletal Terminology - Pathology|osteophyte]] formation around femoral head and acetabular rim prior to old bone reabsorption
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| − | **-> severe degenerative arthropathy
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| − | [[Category:Joints - Degenerative Pathology]]
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| − | ===Degenerative arthropathy===
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| − | *In older dogs (8+ years)
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| − | *Occurs bilaterally
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| − | *In shoulders
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| − | *?Due to gradual atrophy of muscles with age -> joint laxity
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| − | [[Category:Joints - Degenerative Pathology]]
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| − | ===Traumatic injuries===
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| − | *Sudden
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| − | *Varying severity
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| − | *Acute injuries:
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| − | **Sprains
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| − | ***Minor - resolved without any consequences
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| − | ***More severe may result in persistent capsular and ligament laxity -> degenerative arthrosis -> impaired function
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| − | **Subluxations
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| − | **Luxations
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| − | **Intra-articular fractures
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| − | ***[[Bones Fractures - Pathology#Fracture repair|Fracture healing]] may cause discontinuity of the articular surfaces
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| − | **Puncture wounds to foot may allow infection to travel to [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology|joints]], bursae and tendon sheaths
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| − | **Haemorrhage into joint
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| − | ***May occur in animals with clotting defects without special trauma
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| − | ****Usually polyaricular
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| − | ****Recurrent
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| − | ****May cause pitting of articular surfaces -> degenerative arthrosis
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| − | [[Category:Joints - Degenerative Pathology]]
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| − | ===Nutritional diseases===
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| − | ====Hypervitaminosis A====
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| − | *See [[Hypervitaminosis A|metabolic diseases of bones]]
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| − | *May cause spondylosis of cervical vertebrae
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| − | *Mainly on dorsolateral surface
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| − | *Also in elbow and shoulder joints -> fixation of joint
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| − | *May resolve with changes of diet
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| − | [[Category:Joints - Degenerative Pathology]]
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| − | ===Disc protrusion===
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| − | [[Image:Intervertebral disc degeneration.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Intervertebral disc degeneration (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]] | |
| − | *Occurs mainly in dogs
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| − | *Almost always '''dorsal''' protrusion due to eccentric position of [[Joints - Anatomy & Physiology#Fibrocartilagenous joints|''nucleus pulposus'']]
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| − | *Main sites are '''cervical and lumbar''' regions
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| − | **Thoracic vertebrae have [[Joints - Anatomy & Physiology#Fibrocartilagenous joints|conjugal ligaments]]
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| − | *Degeneration precedes protrusion (two patterns):
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| − | **'''Chondroid'''
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| − | ***In chondrodystrophic breeds
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| − | ***Concurrent calcification of [[Intervertebral disc degeneration|degenerated ''nucleus pulposus'']]
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| − | ***Progressive loosening and fragmentation of overlying ''annulus fibrosis'' fibres
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| − | ****Damaged by both compressive and rotational forces
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| − | ***Predisposing degeneration of the discs occurs by one year of age in most of the dogs
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| − | ***Protrusion usually occurs in males, 3-6 years of age
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| − | ***'''Sudden complete protrusion''' -> severe damage to spinal cord in the area
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| − | ***Widespread necrosis and haemorrhage
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| − | ***Extruded material is gritty, hemorrhagic or “cheesy”
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| − | **'''Fibroid'''
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| − | ***In non-chondrodystrophic breeds, horses, pigs
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| − | ***Usually occurs later in life
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| − | ***Pathogenesis:
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| − | ****Progressive dehydration and collagenisation of ''nucleus pulposus''
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| − | ****Fraying and fragmentation of lamellar ''annulus fibrosis'' fibres
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| − | **** -> Attempts to repair by fibrosis
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| − | **** -> Weak area in the annulus
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| − | **** -> '''Partial protrusion''' (rarely may calcify) of nucleus into spinal canal
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| − | *****May be dorsal or lateral
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| − | **** -> Pressure on spinal cord
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| − | **** -> Demyelination of white matter
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| − | **** -> Progressive weakness of structures innervated distally to the lesion
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| − | ***Disk material may enter blood vessels causing fibrocartilagenous embolism
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| − | ****May present without any disk symptoms
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| − | *'''Sudden protrusion''' can occur in any breed due to traumatic compression of spinal cord
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| − | [[Category:Joints - Degenerative Pathology]]
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| − | ===Cervical spinal stenosis===
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| − | *Usually funnel-shaped
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| − | *Stenosis in dorso-ventral plane
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| − | *May occur at more than one site
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| − | *Predisposed in some breeds: Great Dane, Doberman, Basset Hound, Irish Wolfhound, Old English Sheepdog
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| − | *Clinical signs: cervical pain -> ataxia -> quadriplegia
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| − | [[Category:Joints - Degenerative Pathology]]
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| − | ===Cervicospinal arthropathy===
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| − | * = "'''Wobbler'''" in horses
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| − | *Usually presents in first two years of life
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| − | *Mainly in fast growing thouroughbreds
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| − | *Most common site is C3-C4, can occur anywhere
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| − | *Abnormal laxity between the vertebrae + cervical vertebral malformation may be evident
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| − | *[[Musculoskeletal Terminology - Pathology|Osteophyte formation]] at edges of synovial components of joint
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| − | *Some due to stenosis of neural canal later in life (1-4 years of age)
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| − | *Clinical signs:
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| − | **Ataxia - hindlimbs more affected
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| − | *Presumed cause is rapid growth
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| − | [[Category:Joints - Degenerative Pathology]]
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| − | ===Spondylosis===
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| − | [[Image:Spondylosis.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Spondylosis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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| − | *Often in bulls and dogs, occurs also in horses, cats and pigs
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| − | *[[Musculoskeletal Terminology - Pathology|Osteophyte]] formation on ventral aspect of vertebrae
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| − | **Often around lumbar region
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| − | **Adjacent to intervertebral spaces
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| − | **Varies in size - small spurs -> 'bridges' between vertebrae
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| − | **May extend over few vertebrae
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| − | *Pathogenesis:
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| − | **Repeated abnormal movement between joints -> stress
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| − | ** -> Degeneration of [[Joints - Anatomy & Physiology#Fibrocartilagenous joints|''annulus fibrosis'']]
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| − | ** -> [[Musculoskeletal Terminology - Pathology|Osteophyte]] formation
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| − | *In dogs usually no symptoms
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| − | *In bulls may cause inability to mount
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| − | *In severe cases repeated damage may progress to recurrent posterior weakness and ataxia in conjuction with fractures of spondylitic and vertebral bone
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| − | [[Category:Joints - Degenerative Pathology]]
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| − | ===Cranial cruciate ligament rupture===
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| − | *Autoantibodies against collagens seen in the joint fluid – no relationship to the disease (ie: not an autoimmune disease) – can be seen in any joint disease
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| − | [[Category:Joints - Degenerative Pathology]]
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| − | ===Steroid arthropathy===
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| − | *From glucocorticoids injected into joint as antiinflammatories
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| − | *Injection sometimes causes rapid progression of degeneration
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| − | *Glucocortyicois suppress anabolic effect of chondrocytes -> reduction of cartilage matrix syhthesis -> proteoglycan depletion -> slower repair
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| − | [[Category:Joints - Degenerative Pathology]]
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