| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| − | ===[[Degenerative Joint Disease]] ===
| + | #redirect[[:Category:Joints - Degenerative Pathology]] |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ======
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====[[Patellar Luxation]]====
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ====[[Atlantoaxial Luxation]]====
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====[[Temporomandibular Luxation]]====
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ===[[Calve Legg-Perthe's Disease]]===
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ===[[Degenerative Arthropathy]]===
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ===Traumatic injuries===
| |
| − | | |
| − | *Sudden
| |
| − | *Varying severity
| |
| − | *Acute injuries:
| |
| − | **Sprains
| |
| − | ***Minor - resolved without any consequences
| |
| − | ***More severe may result in persistent capsular and ligament laxity -> degenerative arthrosis -> impaired function
| |
| − | **Subluxations
| |
| − | **Luxations
| |
| − | **Intra-articular fractures
| |
| − | ***[[Bones Fractures - Pathology#Fracture repair|Fracture healing]] may cause discontinuity of the articular surfaces
| |
| − | **Puncture wounds to foot may allow infection to travel to [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology|joints]], bursae and tendon sheaths
| |
| − | **Haemorrhage into joint
| |
| − | ***May occur in animals with clotting defects without special trauma
| |
| − | ****Usually polyaricular
| |
| − | ****Recurrent
| |
| − | ****May cause pitting of articular surfaces -> degenerative arthrosis
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Joints - Degenerative Pathology]] | |
| − | | |
| − | ===Nutritional diseases===
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====Hypervitaminosis A====
| |
| − | | |
| − | *See [[Hypervitaminosis A|metabolic diseases of bones]]
| |
| − | *May cause spondylosis of cervical vertebrae
| |
| − | *Mainly on dorsolateral surface
| |
| − | *Also in elbow and shoulder joints -> fixation of joint
| |
| − | *May resolve with changes of diet
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Joints - Degenerative Pathology]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Disc protrusion===
| |
| − | [[Image:Intervertebral disc degeneration.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Intervertebral disc degeneration (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
| |
| − | *Occurs mainly in dogs
| |
| − | *Almost always '''dorsal''' protrusion due to eccentric position of [[Joints - Anatomy & Physiology#Fibrocartilagenous joints|''nucleus pulposus'']]
| |
| − | *Main sites are '''cervical and lumbar''' regions
| |
| − | **Thoracic vertebrae have [[Joints - Anatomy & Physiology#Fibrocartilagenous joints|conjugal ligaments]]
| |
| − | *Degeneration precedes protrusion (two patterns):
| |
| − | **'''Chondroid'''
| |
| − | ***In chondrodystrophic breeds
| |
| − | ***Concurrent calcification of [[Intervertebral disc degeneration|degenerated ''nucleus pulposus'']]
| |
| − | ***Progressive loosening and fragmentation of overlying ''annulus fibrosis'' fibres
| |
| − | ****Damaged by both compressive and rotational forces
| |
| − | ***Predisposing degeneration of the discs occurs by one year of age in most of the dogs
| |
| − | ***Protrusion usually occurs in males, 3-6 years of age
| |
| − | ***'''Sudden complete protrusion''' -> severe damage to spinal cord in the area
| |
| − | ***Widespread necrosis and haemorrhage
| |
| − | ***Extruded material is gritty, hemorrhagic or “cheesy”
| |
| − | **'''Fibroid'''
| |
| − | ***In non-chondrodystrophic breeds, horses, pigs
| |
| − | ***Usually occurs later in life
| |
| − | ***Pathogenesis:
| |
| − | ****Progressive dehydration and collagenisation of ''nucleus pulposus''
| |
| − | ****Fraying and fragmentation of lamellar ''annulus fibrosis'' fibres
| |
| − | **** -> Attempts to repair by fibrosis
| |
| − | **** -> Weak area in the annulus
| |
| − | **** -> '''Partial protrusion''' (rarely may calcify) of nucleus into spinal canal
| |
| − | *****May be dorsal or lateral
| |
| − | **** -> Pressure on spinal cord
| |
| − | **** -> Demyelination of white matter
| |
| − | **** -> Progressive weakness of structures innervated distally to the lesion
| |
| − | ***Disk material may enter blood vessels causing fibrocartilagenous embolism
| |
| − | ****May present without any disk symptoms
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | *'''Sudden protrusion''' can occur in any breed due to traumatic compression of spinal cord
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Joints - Degenerative Pathology]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Cervical spinal stenosis===
| |
| − | | |
| − | *Usually funnel-shaped
| |
| − | *Stenosis in dorso-ventral plane
| |
| − | *May occur at more than one site
| |
| − | *Predisposed in some breeds: Great Dane, Doberman, Basset Hound, Irish Wolfhound, Old English Sheepdog
| |
| − | *Clinical signs: cervical pain -> ataxia -> quadriplegia
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Joints - Degenerative Pathology]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ===Cervicospinal arthropathy===
| |
| − | | |
| − | * = "'''Wobbler'''" in horses
| |
| − | *Usually presents in first two years of life
| |
| − | *Mainly in fast growing thouroughbreds
| |
| − | *Most common site is C3-C4, can occur anywhere
| |
| − | *Abnormal laxity between the vertebrae + cervical vertebral malformation may be evident
| |
| − | *[[Musculoskeletal Terminology - Pathology|Osteophyte formation]] at edges of synovial components of joint
| |
| − | *Some due to stenosis of neural canal later in life (1-4 years of age)
| |
| − | *Clinical signs:
| |
| − | **Ataxia - hindlimbs more affected
| |
| − | *Presumed cause is rapid growth
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Joints - Degenerative Pathology]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ===Spondylosis===
| |
| − | [[Image:Spondylosis.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Spondylosis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | *Often in bulls and dogs, occurs also in horses, cats and pigs
| |
| − | *[[Musculoskeletal Terminology - Pathology|Osteophyte]] formation on ventral aspect of vertebrae
| |
| − | **Often around lumbar region
| |
| − | **Adjacent to intervertebral spaces
| |
| − | **Varies in size - small spurs -> 'bridges' between vertebrae
| |
| − | **May extend over few vertebrae
| |
| − | *Pathogenesis:
| |
| − | **Repeated abnormal movement between joints -> stress
| |
| − | ** -> Degeneration of [[Joints - Anatomy & Physiology#Fibrocartilagenous joints|''annulus fibrosis'']]
| |
| − | ** -> [[Musculoskeletal Terminology - Pathology|Osteophyte]] formation
| |
| − | *In dogs usually no symptoms
| |
| − | *In bulls may cause inability to mount
| |
| − | *In severe cases repeated damage may progress to recurrent posterior weakness and ataxia in conjuction with fractures of spondylitic and vertebral bone
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Joints - Degenerative Pathology]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ===Cranial cruciate ligament rupture===
| |
| − | | |
| − | *Autoantibodies against collagens seen in the joint fluid – no relationship to the disease (ie: not an autoimmune disease) – can be seen in any joint disease
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Joints - Degenerative Pathology]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ===Steroid arthropathy===
| |
| − | | |
| − | *From glucocorticoids injected into joint as antiinflammatories
| |
| − | *Injection sometimes causes rapid progression of degeneration
| |
| − | *Glucocortyicois suppress anabolic effect of chondrocytes -> reduction of cartilage matrix syhthesis -> proteoglycan depletion -> slower repair
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Joints - Degenerative Pathology]]
| |