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| − | {{review}} | + | {{frontpage |
| | + | |pagetitle =Streptococcus species |
| | + | |pagebody = |
| | + | |contenttitle =Content |
| | + | |contentbody =<big><b> |
| | + | <categorytree mode=pages>Streptococcus species</categorytree> |
| | + | </b></big> |
| | + | |logo =bugs-logo copy.png |
| | + | }} |
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| | ===Overview=== | | ===Overview=== |
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| | *Haemolytic streptococci of Lancefield group C are common inhabitants of the equine nasopharynx | | *Haemolytic streptococci of Lancefield group C are common inhabitants of the equine nasopharynx |
| | *''Streptococcus zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis'' are usually non-pathogenic | | *''Streptococcus zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis'' are usually non-pathogenic |
| − | *Involved in [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In pigs|peritonitis in pigs]], [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology#Pyothorax (Thoracic empyema)|pyothorax]], [[Bones Inflammatory - Pathology#Osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]], [[Cavity & Gingiva - Pathology#Catarrhal Stomatitis|catarrhal stomatitis]] | + | *Involved in [[Peritonitis#In pigs|peritonitis in pigs]], [[Pyothorax|pyothorax]], [[Osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]], [[Stomatitis|catarrhal stomatitis]] |
| − | *In infectious [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Sheep|arthritis of sheep]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis in calves]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Horses|arthritis in horses]] and [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Pigs|arthritis in pigs]] | + | *In infectious [[Infectious Arthritis#In Sheep|arthritis of sheep]], [[Infectious Arthritis#In Cattle|arthritis in calves]], [[Infectious Arthritis#In Horses|arthritis in horses]] and [[Infectious Arthritis#In Pigs|arthritis in pigs]] |
| | *Often commensals on mucous membranes of upper respiratory and lower urogenital tract | | *Often commensals on mucous membranes of upper respiratory and lower urogenital tract |
| | *Opportunistic infections | | *Opportunistic infections |
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| − | ===Pathogensis and Pathogenicity=== | + | ===Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity=== |
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| | *Beta-haemolytic strains more pathogenic than alpha-haemolytic strains | | *Beta-haemolytic strains more pathogenic than alpha-haemolytic strains |
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| | + | '''in sheep''' |
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| | + | *[[:Category:Streptococcus species|'''''Streptococcus'' spp.''']] |
| | + | **Commonly cause suppurative polyarthritis in lambs |
| | + | **Naval infection -> bacteriamia -> polyarthritis |
| | + | ***May also cause blindness and nervous signs if uvea or meninges are affected |
| | + | **Larger joints are more afected |
| | + | ***May spread to other organs |
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| − | ===[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|Strangles]]===
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| − | *Epidemiology
| + | '''in cattle''' |
| − | **[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|Strangles]] is a highly infectious disease of horses caused by ''Streptococcus equi'' subsp. ''equi''
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| − | **[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Horses|upper respiratory tract disease of horses]] with fever and abscessation of regional lymph nodes
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| − | **Causes [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Strangles|rhinitis]], [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology|pharyngitis]], lymphadenitis and [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Abscesses|myositis]]
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| − | **Outbreaks in groups of young horses
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| − | **Transmitted via purulent exudate discharging from upper respiratory tract or from lymph nodes
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| − | **Chronic, carrier state can occur with bacteria im the guttural pouch
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| − | **A mild, atypical form can occur
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| − | **''S. equi'' shed for 4 weeks beyond clinical resolution
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| − | *Clinical signs
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| − | **Incubation period 3 to 6 days
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| − | **Fever, depression, anorexia
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| − | **Purulent nasal discharge
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| − | **Swollen, painful regional lymph nodes, especially submandibular
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| − | **Abscessation and rupture of lymph nodes
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| − | **Guttural pouch empyema
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| − | **100% morbidity; 5% mortality
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| − | **Death can occur from pneumonia, breathing difficulties from swollen lymph nodes or [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Ischaemia|purpura haemorrhagica]](an immune-mediated disease)
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| − | **Bastard strangle may occasionally occur, with abscessaation in many organs of the body
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| − | **''S. equi'' may be involved in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Systemic bacterial infections|cutaneous lesions]]
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| − | *Diagnosis | + | *Neonatal polyarthritis by: |
| − | **Clinical signs and history | + | ***Via umbilicus |
| − | **Mucoid colonies with beta-haemolysis | + | ***Also involves eyes and meninges |
| − | **Sugar fermentation allows differentiation of ''S. equi'' from ''S. zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis'' | |
| − | **PCR to detect asymptomatic carriers
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| − | *Treatment and control
| + | [[Category:Bacterial Organisms]] |
| − | **Penicillin administration to in-contact animals
| + | [[Category:Gram_positive_bacteria]] |
| − | **Isolation of affected animals
| + | [[Category:Cocci]] |
| − | **Quarantne in-coming animals
| + | [[Category:To_Do_-_Bacteria]] |
| − | **Avoid overcrowding and mixing different age groups
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| − | **Disinfection of equipment
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| − | ===''Streptococcus suis''===
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| − | *Meningitis, arthritis, septicaemia and [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Streptococcal pneumonia|pneumonia]] of pigs
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| − | *Sporadic cases of endocarditis, neonatal deaths and abortion
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| − | *Carried in tonsils and nasal cavity of carrier pigs
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| − | *Outbreaks occur in intensively-reared herds with poor hygiene
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| − | *Carrier sows infect litters causing neonatal deaths
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| − | *Meningitis with fever, tremors, incoordination, opisthotonos and convulsions
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| − | *Treatment with penicillin; prophylactic long-acting penicillin for sows and piglets
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| − | *Suppurative conditions in cattle, sheep, horses, cats
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| − | *Septicaemia and meningitis in humans
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| − | ===Bovine streptococcal mastitis===
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| − | *''S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae'' and ''S. uberis'' primarily cause mastitis
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| − | *Also ''S. pyogenes, S. zooepidemicus'' and ''Enterococcus faecalis'' can be involved
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| − | *''S. agalactiae'' colonises milk ducts causing persistent infections with acute outbreaks
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| − | *''S. dysgalactiae'' found in the oral cavity and on the skin of the udder causes acute mastitis
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| − | *''S. uberis'' inhabits normal skin, tonsils and vaginal mucosa, and causes mastitis without systemic signs
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| − | *Cause inflammation of mammary tissue and clots form in milk
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| − | *Milk samples are cultured on blood agar, Edward's medium and MacConkey agar for diagnosis
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| − | ===''S. equisimilis''===
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| − | *Found on skin and vagina of horses
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| − | *Causes abscesses, endometritis and mastitis in horses
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| − | *Suppurative conditions in pigs, cattle, dogs, birds
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| − | ===''S. zooepidemicus''===
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| − | *Colonises mucous membranes
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| − | *Causes mastitis, pneumonia, [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology|sinusitis]] and navel infections in horses
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| − | *''S. zooepidemicus'' can cause similar signs to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles in horses]] and may accompany [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]
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| − | *Secondary invador after [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Equine influenza|equine influenza]]
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| − | *Colonises skin and mucous membranes of cattle, lambs, pigs and poultry and causes suppurative infections and septicaemia
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| − | * Can cause vascular fragility, leading to [[Haemostasis - Pathology#Haemorrhagic Disease Due To Vascular Fragility|haemorrhagic disease]]
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| − | ===''Enterococcus faecalis''===
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| − | | |
| − | *Colonises intestinal tract
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| − | *Causes opportunistic suppurative infections in many species
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| − | ===''S. canis''===
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| − | | |
| − | *Found in vagina and anal mucosa of carnivores
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| − | *Neonatal septicaemia, suppurative infections, toxic shock syndrome
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| − | *In [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Deep pyoderma|deep pyoderma]] and subcutaneous abscesses
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| − | ===''S. pneumoniae''===
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| − | | |
| − | *Found in upper respiratory tract of primates
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| − | *Causes septicaemia, pneumonia and meningitis
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| − | *Pneumonia in guinea-pigs and rats
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| − | ===''S. porcinus''===
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| − | *Submandibular lymphadenitis in pigs
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| − | [[Category:Bacteria]][[Category:Gram_positive_bacteria]][[Category:Cocci]] | |