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== Description==
On auscultation, heart murmurs are sounds that signify abnormal turbulent blood flow in the heart or surrounding blood vessels.
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'''Murmurs can arise from any of the following conditions:'''
'''Murmurs can arise from any of the following conditions:'''
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1. Increased Blood Volume
1. Increased Blood Volume
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2. Increased Blood Flow Velocity
2. Increased Blood Flow Velocity
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3. Valve Regurgitation
3. Valve Regurgitation
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4. Decreased Blood Viscosity
4. Decreased Blood Viscosity
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== Types of Heart Murmurs ==
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====1. Systolic Heart Murmurs====
====1. Systolic Heart Murmurs====
This is the most common type of murmur among small animal patients and occurs during systole.
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=====Functional Murmurs=====
=====Functional Murmurs=====
(Occur without a pathological condition involved)
(Occur without a pathological condition involved).
These include 'Innocent Murmurs' (e.g. young animals with temporary murmurs), Physiologic/Flow Murmurs (e.g. athletic animals especially thoroughbred horses; conditions such as anaemia, fever, peripheral arteriovenous fistula) and Aortic flow murmurs. These are the most common in young animals, particularly young fit thoroughbred horses.
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Valve regurgitations in horses can be functional or pathological (Endocardiosis is the most common form of older equine valve pathology)
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=====Pathological Murmurs=====
=====Pathological Murmurs=====
Include atrioventricular valve insufficiency, semilunar valve stenosis and cardiac shunting (e.g. PDA, VSD).
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====2. Diastolic Heart Murmurs====
====2. Diastolic Heart Murmurs====
These are uncommon in small animals and they occur during diastole.
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=====Functional Murmurs=====
=====Functional Murmurs=====
(Occur without a pathological condition involved)
(Occur without a pathological condition involved).
These include Physiologic/Flow Murmurs (e.g. athletic animals especially thoroughbred horses) and Ventricular (mitral and tricuspid) flow murmurs, which are less common in young fit thoroughbred horses compared with aortic flow murmurs, but their presence can still be seen in normal horses.
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=====Pathological Murmurs=====
=====Pathological Murmurs=====
Include Atrioventricular valve stenosis, Semilunar valve insufficiency and cardiac shunting (e.g. PDA).
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====3. Continuous Heart Murmurs====
====3. Continuous Heart Murmurs====
Are also called machinery murmurs and occur continuously throughout systole and diastole.
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=====Pathological Murmurs=====
=====Pathological Murmurs=====
These can occur in cardiac shunting and is characteristic for a PDA.
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=====Description of Heart Murmurs=====
=====Description of Heart Murmurs=====
6. Radiation (Description based on how far the murmur sound spreads from its point of maximal intensity. e.g. Aortic murmurs=radiate up carotid arteries)
6. Radiation (Description based on how far the murmur sound spreads from its point of maximal intensity. e.g. Aortic murmurs=radiate up carotid arteries)
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===Heart Murmur Grading Scale===
===Heart Murmur Grading Scale===
To listen to gradings and examples of canine cardiac murmurs visit [http://www.tiho-hannover.de/de/studium-lehre/el/lernmedien/heartsound-library/ the heartsound library].
To listen to gradings and examples of canine cardiac murmurs visit [http://www.tiho-hannover.de/de/studium-lehre/el/lernmedien/heartsound-library/ the heartsound library].
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[[Category:Cardiovascular_System_-_Pathology]][[Category:To_Do_-_Cardiovascular]]
[[Category:Cardiovascular_System_-_Pathology]][[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]
[[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Cat]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Horse]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Cattle]]
[[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Cat]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Horse]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Cattle]]
[[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Pig]]
[[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Pig]]