|
|
| (48 intermediate revisions by 7 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| − | {{unfinished}}
| + | #redirect[[Haemorrhagic Gastroenteritis]] |
| − | | |
| − | {{dog}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ==Signalment==
| |
| − | Middle-aged, small-breed dogs such as:
| |
| − | *[[Canine Breeds - WikiNormals#Utility Group|Toy and Miniature Poodles]]
| |
| − | *[[Canine Breeds - WikiNormals#Utility Group|Miniature Schnauzers]]
| |
| − | *[[Canine Breeds - WikiNormals#Toy Group|Yorkshire Terrier]]
| |
| − | *[[Canine Breeds - WikiNormals#Hound Group|Dachshunds]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ==Description==
| |
| − | '''Haemorrhagic gastroenteritis''' is characterised by acute [[Stomach and Abomasum Consequences of Gastric Disease - Pathology|vomiting]] and [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]]. Gastrointestinal integrity is loss, resulting in a rapid movement of blood, fluid and electrolytes into the intestinal lumen. The aetiology is unknown but it may relate to ''[[Clostridium species#C. perfringens type A|Clostridium perfringens]]'' enterotoxicosis or an immune-mediated reaction. There is usually no history of garbage, chemical or foreign body ingestion.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Diagnosis==
| |
| − | ===Clinical Signs===
| |
| − | *Acute and progressive haematoemesis and/or haematochezia, with vomiting preceding diarrhoea
| |
| − | *Critically ill or moribund patient in severe cases
| |
| − | *Depression and anorexia
| |
| − | *Abdominal pain
| |
| − | *Dehydration and hypovolaemic shock occurs over a period of 8 - 12 hours.
| |
| − | *Pyrexia (rare)
| |
| − | *Thrombocytopaenia (severe cases)
| |
| − | *Pre-renal or renal azotaemia (severe cases)
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ===Laboratory Tests===
| |
| − | ====Haematology====
| |
| − | *Haemoconcentration with PCV > 60%
| |
| − | *Normal or increased total protein concentrations, but proportionately lower than would be expected from the corresponding increase in PCV due to loss of protein through the intestines.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====Other Tests====
| |
| − | *Faecal cytology may reveal red blood cells, occasional white blood cells, ''C. perfringens'' spores or enterotoxin. ''C. perfringens'' spores or enterotoxin can be found in a normal dog, therefore care has to be taken not to over-interpret this.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Diagnostic Imaging===
| |
| − | *Abdominal radiograph may reveal fluid and gas filled small and large intestines.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Treatment==
| |
| − | *Start treatment prior to a full diagnostic investigations.
| |
| − | *Aggressive intravenous fluid therapy is important for the treatment and prevention of shock.
| |
| − | **Colloidal or plasma are recommended to replace the intravascular deficit due to loss of protein, followed by crystalloids to complete rehydration.
| |
| − | **Clinical improvements should be noted within a few hours but resolution of clinical signs may take a few days.
| |
| − | *A broad spectrum antimicrobials such as ampicillin combined with fluoroquinolone are appropriate against C. perfringens. This is recommended to be given empirically.
| |
| − | *Initially, Nil Per Os should be implemented. Once vomiting has stopped a bland and highly digestible diet such as chicken and rice can be introduced.
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ==Prognosis==
| |
| − | Good if presented in a timely fashion. The duration of the disease is normally between 24 - 72 hours. Complete recovery in most cases provided there is no complication such as hypoproteinaemia or sepsis. However, recurrence is possible.
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ==References==
| |
| − | *Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) '''Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2''' (Fifth Edition) ''W.B. Saunders Company''.
| |
| − | *Hall, E.J, Simpson, J.W. and Williams, D.A. (2005) '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Gastroenterology (2nd Edition)''' ''BSAVA''.
| |
| − | *Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''.
| |