Difference between revisions of "Gastroenteritis, Haemorrhagic"

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#redirect[[Haemorrhagic Gastroenteritis]]
 
 
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==Signalment==
 
Middle-aged, small-breed dogs such as:
 
*[[Canine Breeds - WikiNormals#Utility Group|Toy and Miniature Poodles]]
 
*[[Canine Breeds - WikiNormals#Utility Group|Miniature Schnauzers]]
 
*[[Canine Breeds - WikiNormals#Toy Group|Yorkshire Terrier]]
 
*[[Canine Breeds - WikiNormals#Hound Group|Dachshunds]]
 
 
 
 
 
==Description==
 
'''Haemorrhagic gastroenteritis''' is characterised by acute [[Stomach and Abomasum Consequences of Gastric Disease - Pathology|vomiting]] and [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]].  Gastrointestinal integrity is loss, resulting in a rapid movement of blood, fluid and electrolytes into the intestinal lumen.  The aetiology is unknown but it may relate to ''[[Clostridium species#C. perfringens type A|Clostridium perfringens]]'' enterotoxicosis or an immune-mediated reaction.  There is usually no history of garbage, chemical or foreign body ingestion.
 
 
 
 
==Diagnosis==
 
===Clinical Signs===
 
*Acute and progressive haematoemesis and/or haematochezia, with [[Stomach and Abomasum Consequences of Gastric Disease - Pathology|vomiting]] preceding [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]]
 
*Critically ill or moribund patient in severe cases
 
*Depression and anorexia
 
*Abdominal pain
 
*Dehydration and  [[Patología General - Shock#Hypovolaemic shock|hypovolaemic shock]] occurs over a period of 8 - 12 hours.
 
*Pyrexia (rare)
 
*Thrombocytopaenia (severe cases)
 
*Pre-renal or renal azotaemia (severe cases)
 
 
 
 
 
===Laboratory Tests===
 
====Haematology====
 
*Haemoconcentration with PCV > 60%
 
*Normal or increased total protein concentrations, but proportionately lower than would be expected from the corresponding increase in PCV due to loss of protein through the intestines.
 
 
 
====Other Tests====
 
*Faecal cytology may reveal red blood cells, occasional white blood cells, ''[[Clostridium species#C. perfringens type A|Clostridium perfringens]]'' spores or enterotoxin.  ''[[Clostridium species#C. perfringens type A|Clostridium perfringens]]'' spores or enterotoxin can be found in a normal dog, therefore care has to be taken not to over-interpret this.
 
 
 
 
 
===Diagnostic Imaging===
 
====Radiography====
 
Abdominal radiograph may reveal fluid and gas filled small and large intestines.
 
 
 
==Treatment==
 
*Start treatment prior to a full diagnostic investigations.
 
*Aggressive intravenous fluid therapy is important for the treatment and prevention of shock.
 
**[[Colloids|Colloidal]] or plasma are recommended to replace the intravascular deficit due to loss of protein, followed by [[Crystalloids|crystalloids]] to complete rehydration.
 
**Clinical improvements should be noted within a few hours but resolution of clinical signs may take a few days.
 
*A broad spectrum antimicrobials such as [[Penicillins|ampicillin]] combined with [[Fluoroquinolones|fluoroquinolone]] are appropriate against ''[[Clostridium species#C. perfringens type A|Clostridium perfringens]]''.  This is recommended to be given empirically.
 
*Initially, Nil Per Os should be implemented.  Once vomiting has stopped a bland and highly digestible diet such as chicken and rice can be introduced.
 
 
 
 
 
==Prognosis==
 
Good if presented in a timely fashion.  The duration of the disease is normally between 24 - 72 hours.  Complete recovery in most cases provided there is no complication such as hypoproteinaemia or sepsis.  However, recurrence is possible.
 
 
 
 
 
==References==
 
*Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) '''Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2''' (Fifth Edition) ''W.B. Saunders Company''.
 
*Hall, E.J, Simpson, J.W. and Williams, D.A. (2005) '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Gastroenterology (2nd Edition)''' ''BSAVA''.
 
*Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''.
 

Latest revision as of 11:33, 4 May 2011