Changes

{{Taxobox

{{Taxobox

|name              = Anaplasma spp

|name              = ''Anaplasma'' spp

|kingdom            = Monera

|kingdom            = Monera

|sub-kingdom        = Bacteria

|sub-kingdom        = [[Bacteria]]

|phylum            = Proteobacteria

|phylum            = Proteobacteria

|super-class        =

|super-class        =

|sub-class          =

|sub-class          =

|super-order        =

|super-order        =

|order              = Rickettsiales

|order              = [[Rickettsiales]]

|sub-order          =

|sub-order          =

|super-family      =

|super-family      =

|sub-family        =

|sub-family        =

|genus              = Anaplasma

|genus              = Anaplasma

|species            = Anaplasma marginale and others

|species            = ''Anaplasma marginale'' and others

}}

}}

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

[[File:Anaplasmosis.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Rickettsial pathogens inside tick haemolymph cells. Source - Wikimedia Commons]]

[[File:Anaplasmosis.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Rickettsial pathogens inside tick haemolymph cells. Source - Wikimedia Commons]]

Anaplasma species are '''[[Rickettsiales | rickettsial]] [[Bacteria | bacterial]]''' pathogens that reside within host '''[[Erythrocytes | erythrocytes]]'''.

''Anaplasmas'' cause '''[[Anaplasmosis]]''' and have worldwide distribution due to their wide range of vectors. Disease is most common in '''tropical''' regions.

 

Anaplasmas cause '''[[Anaplasmosis]]''' and have worldwide distribution due to their wide range of vectors. Disease is most common in '''tropical''' regions.

==Lifecycle==

==Lifecycle==

Anaplasmas are transmitted by a wide range of '''[[Ticks | tick]]''' species and other insects including the '''[[Ceratopogonidae | Culicoides midge]]''' and other biting flies.

''Anaplasmas'' are transmitted by a wide range of '''[[Ticks |tick]]''' species and other insects including the '''[[Ceratopogonidae |''Culicoides'' midge]]''' and other [[:Category:Biting Flies|biting flies]].

'''Maturation''' can occur only in '''tick''' hosts, flys acting as solely '''mechanical''' vectors.

'''Maturation''' can occur only in '''tick''' hosts, flies acting as solely '''mechanical''' vectors.

Infectious bacteria reside and replicate within the '''salivary gland''' of the vector and are transmitted to mammalian hosts during bloodfeeding.

Infectious bacteria reside and replicate within the '''salivary gland''' of the vector and are transmitted to mammalian hosts during bloodfeeding.

Infected [[erythrocytes]] are disrupted and release bodies which can then invade other erythrocytes. These bodies form '''vacuoles''' within the cytoplasmic membranes of the [[erythrocytes | red blood cells]] and then undergo '''binary fission''' to form dense blue-purple round/cube shaped '''inclusion bodies'''.

Infected [[erythrocytes]] are disrupted and release bodies which can then invade other erythrocytes. These bodies form '''vacuoles''' within the cytoplasmic membranes of the [[erythrocytes|red blood cells]] and then undergo '''binary fission''' to form dense blue-purple round/cube shaped '''inclusion bodies'''.

This '''amplifies''' infection within the host and increases the likelihood of transmission when insects bloodfeed.

This '''amplifies''' infection within the host and increases the likelihood of transmission when insects bloodfeed.

[[Anaplasmosis]] in domestic and wild ruminants and deer causes profound '''anaemia, emaciation, haematuria''' and consequent '''respiratory''' and '''neurological''' signs.

[[Anaplasmosis]] in domestic and wild ruminants and deer causes profound '''anaemia, emaciation, haematuria''' and consequent '''respiratory''' and '''neurological''' signs.

==Anaplasma marginale==

==''Anaplasma marginale''==

Most (70-80%) inclusion bodies are found at or close to the border of the erythrocyte.

Most (70-80%) inclusion bodies are found at or close to the border of the erythrocyte.

Infects '''cattle''' causing '''severe''' [[Anaplasmosis | anaplasmosis]].

Infects '''cattle''' causing '''severe''' [[Anaplasmosis | anaplasmosis]].

== Anaplasma centrale==

==''Anaplasma centrale''==

Infects primarily cattle.

Infects primarily cattle.

Inclusion bodies tend to be central within the red blood cells.

Inclusion bodies tend to be central within the red blood cells.

==Anaplasma mesaeterum and ovis==

==''Anaplasma mesaeterum'' and ''ovis''==

Infect mainly sheep and goats.

Infect mainly sheep and goats.

==References==

==References==

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''''Anaplasma marginale, A. centrale, A. mesaenterium, A. ovis'' datasheets''', accessed 04/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Anaplasma marginale datasheet''', accessed 04/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

[[Category:To Do - CABI review]]

[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]