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<FlashCard questions="12">
<FlashCard questions="14">
|q1=What family do the ''Toroviruses'' belong to?
|q1=What family do the Toroviruses belong to?
|a1=''Coronaviridae''
|a1=''Coronaviridae''
|l1=Toroviruses#Introduction
|l1=Toroviruses#Introduction
|q2=What type of viruses are ''Toroviruses'' and what are their properties?
|q2=What type of viruses are Toroviruses and what are their properties?
|a2=
|a2=
*Enveloped positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses
*Enveloped positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses
*Pleomorphic
*Pleomorphic
*120-140 nm in diameter
*120-140 nm in diameter
*Relatively stable in acid or alkaline environment between pH 2.5-10.
*Relatively stable in acid or alkaline environment between pH 2.5-10
|l2= Toroviruses#Introduction
|l2= Toroviruses#Introduction
|q3= What are the names given to ''Toroviruses'' found in horses?
|q3= What are the names given to Toroviruses found in horses?
|a3=
|a3=
*Equine torovirus (ETV)
*Equine torovirus (ETV)
*Prototype Berne virus
*Prototype Berne virus
|l3= Toroviruses#Introduction
|l3= Toroviruses#Introduction
|q4= What are the names given to ''Toroviruses'' found in cattle?
|q4= What are the names given to Toroviruses found in cattle?
|a4=
|a4=
*Bovine torovirus (BoTV)
*Bovine torovirus (BoTV)
*Prototype Breda virus
*Prototype Breda virus
|l4= Toroviruses#Introduction
|l4= Toroviruses#Introduction
|q5= What species are the ''Toroviruses'' found in?
|q5= What species are the Toroviruses found in?
|a5=
|a5=
Hosts include:
Hosts include:
*Humans
*Humans
|l5= Toroviruses#Signalment
|l5= Toroviruses#Signalment
|q6= What are the clinical signs of the ''Toroviruses'' in cattle?
|q6= What are the clinical signs of the Toroviruses in cattle?
|a6=
|a6=
In all ages of cattle it can cause:
In all ages of cattle it can cause:
Young, colostrum-deprived calves are particularly at risk.
Young, colostrum-deprived calves are particularly at risk.
|l6= Toroviruses#Clinical Signs
|l6= Toroviruses#Clinical Signs
|q7= What are the clinical signs of the ''Toroviruses'' in cats?
|q7= What are the clinical signs of the Toroviruses in cats?
|a7=
|a7=
*Diarrhoea
*Diarrhoea
*Protruding nictating membranes
*Protruding nictating membranes
|l7= Toroviruses#Clinical Signs
|l7= Toroviruses#Clinical Signs
|q8= What are the clinical signs of the ''Toroviruses'' in pigs?
|q8= What are the clinical signs of the Toroviruses in pigs?
|a8=
|a8=
Pigs can shed the torovirus without showing any symptoms of disease.
Pigs can shed the torovirus without showing any symptoms of disease.
|l8= Toroviruses#Clinical Signs
|l8= Toroviruses#Clinical Signs
|q9= How is the ''Torovirus'' transmitted?
|q9= How is the Torovirus transmitted?
|a9=
|a9=
It is presumed that it is spread via the faecal-oral route and spread through subclinical or chronically infected cattle.
It is presumed that it is spread via the faecal-oral route and through subclinical or chronically infected cattle.
|l9= Toroviruses#Epidemiology
|l9= Toroviruses#Epidemiology
|q10= What is the distribution of ''Toroviruses''?
|q10= What is the distribution of Toroviruses?
|a910=
|a10=Worldwide in cattle and horses
Worldwide in cattle and horses.
|l10= Toroviruses#Distribution
|l10= Toroviruses#Distribution
|q11= How is the ''Torovirus'' detected?
|q11= How is the Torovirus detected?
|a11=
|a11=
Diagnostic methods include a combination of:
Diagnostic methods include a combination of:
*Electron microscopy
*Electron microscopy
*Immuno-electron microscopy (IEM)- which can differentiate the ''Toroviruses'' from ''Coronaviruses'
*Immuno-electron microscopy (IEM)- which can differentiate the Toroviruses from Coronaviruses
*Haemagglutination inhibition
*Haemagglutination inhibition
*ELISA.
*ELISA
l11= Toroviruses#Diagnosis
|l11= Toroviruses#Diagnosis
|q12= What effect does the virus have on the intestinal wall?
|q12= What effect does the virus have on the intestinal wall?
|a12=
|a12=
*Villus atrophy
*Villus atrophy
*Thinning of intestinal wall
*Thinning of intestinal wall
l12= Toroviruses#Diagnosis
|l12= Toroviruses#Diagnosis
|q13= How do you treat for ''Torovirus'' infections?
|q13= How do you treat for Torovirus infections?
|a13=
|a13=
There is no specific treatment; only supportive fluid treatment for diarrhoea and antibiotics for secondary infections.
There is no specific treatment; only supportive fluid treatment for diarrhoea and antibiotics for secondary infections.
l13= Toroviruses#Treatment
|l13=Toroviruses#Treatment
|q14= How do you control''Toroviruses''?
|q14= How do you control Toroviruses?
|a14=
|a14=
*Isolation of infected animals
*Isolation of infected animals
*Good hygiene and sanitary measures
*Good hygiene and sanitary measures
l14= Toroviruses#Control
|l14=Toroviruses#Control
</FlashCard>
</FlashCard>
[[Category: Virus Flashcards]]
[[Category: Virus Flashcards]]
[[Category:CABI Flashcards]]
[[Category:CABI Flashcards]]
[[Category:Cattle Flashcards]]
[[Category: To Do - CABI review]]
[[Category:Horse Flashcards]]