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− | <FlashCard questions="5"> | + | <FlashCard questions="13"> |
− | |q1=What is the main insect vector involved in spread of Japanese Encephalitis? | + | |q1=What disease does the Encephalomyocarditis virus cause in pigs and which systems can it affect? |
− | |a1= Mosquitoes | + | |a1=Encephalomyocarditis. The disease affects the nervous, reproductive, respiratory and circulatory system of pigs. |
− | |l1=Japanese Encephalitis Virus#Introduction | + | |l1=Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Introduction |
− | |q2=What two types of disease is it known for causing? | + | |q2=What type of virus is Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV)? |
− | |a2= | + | |a2= A single stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus. |
− | * Neurological disease in horses | + | |l2= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Introduction |
− | *Reproductive disease in pigs | + | |q3= What are the properties of EMCV? |
− | |l2= Japanese Encephalitis Virus#Introduction | + | |a3= |
− | |q3= What is important about Japanese Encephalitis from a Public Health point of view? | + | *It is stable over a wide range of pH |
− | |a3= It is zoonotic and can cause fatal encephalitis in children. | + | *The virus is ether-resistant |
− | |l3= Japanese Encephalitis Virus#Introduction | + | *It can be inactivated at 60°C for 30 minutes (although some are more thermally stabile) |
− | |q4= What serological test can be performed for Japanese Encephalitis Virus? | + | |l3= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Introduction |
− | |a4= Antibodies can be detected by ELISA or serum neutralisation | + | |q4=Can EMCV infect humans? |
− | |l4= Japanese Encephalitis Virus#Diagnosis | + | |a4= Antibodies for EMCV have been found in humans but there are no reports that the virus causes human heart disease. |
− | |q5= From where can viral antigen be demonstrated and with which tests? | + | |l4= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Introduction |
− | |a5= | + | |q5=What are the hosts for (EMCV)? |
− | *Brain | + | |a5= The domestic host for this virus is the pig and it is the most susceptible to EMCV infection. Other hosts include: |
− | *Placenta | + | *Chimpanzees |
− | *Foetus | + | *Monkeys |
− | *IFAT | + | *Elephants |
− | *Avidin-Biotin immunostaining | + | *Lions |
− | |l5=Japanese Encephalitis Virus#Diagnosis | + | *Squirrels |
| + | *Mongooses |
| + | *Racoons |
| + | |l5= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Signalment |
| + | |q6=What are the clinical signs associated with EMCV? |
| + | |a6= The disease causes: |
| + | *High mortality in young pigs |
| + | *Reproductive failures in breeding females |
| + | *Piglets suffer from myocarditis, encephalitis and sudden death due to myocardial failure |
| + | *Vomiting and regurgitation |
| + | *Anorexia, pyrexia, fasciculations, tachypnea, dyspnea, and open mouth breathing |
| + | |
| + | Neurological signs include: |
| + | *Ataxia, generalised weakness, tetraparesis, inability to stand, tremor, dysmetria, lethargy and depression. |
| + | |
| + | Pregnant sows that become infected can suffer from infertility, mummified fetus, abortions, still births, small litter and weak new born. |
| + | |l6= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Clinical Signs |
| + | |q7=How is the virus believed to be spread? |
| + | |a7= Through rodents (major reservoir of the disease) - infecting pigs directly or through diseased carcasses and contaminated feeds or water supplies. |
| + | |l7= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Epidemiology |
| + | |q8=What is the distribution of EMCV? |
| + | |a8= Worldwide; cases were first reported in Central America, Florida and Australia. |
| + | |l8= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Distribution |
| + | |q9=How can EMCV be diagnosed? |
| + | |a9= A definitive diagnosis can be confirmed by virus isolation from infected heart tissue from pigs that have died in the acute phase of the disease. |
| + | |
| + | Detection of antibody specific to EMCV from still born piglets has been used to confirm foetal infection. |
| + | |l9= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Diagnosis |
| + | |q10=What pathology can be found on postmortem? |
| + | |a10= |
| + | *Cardiomegaly |
| + | *Myocardial lesions with yellow or white necrotic foci, usually on the epicardium of the right ventricle. |
| + | |
| + | Infected foetuses can grossly vary depending on the stage of pregnancy and infection. Foetuses can be haemorrhagic, oedematous or apparently normal. |
| + | |
| + | Acutely affected pigs may not show any gross lesions on post mortem. |
| + | |l10= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Diagnosis |
| + | |q11=What histopathological findings can be seen with EMCV? |
| + | |a11= |
| + | Within heart tissue: |
| + | *Myocarditis |
| + | *Focal or diffuse accumulation of mononuclear cells |
| + | *Vascular congestion and oedema |
| + | *Degeneration of the myocardial fibres with necrosis and occasional mineralization of necrotic heart muscle |
| + | |
| + | Within brain tissue: |
| + | *Congestion |
| + | *Meningitis |
| + | *Perivascular infiltration (mononuclear cells) |
| + | *Neuronal degeneration |
| + | |
| + | Within foetuses: |
| + | *Nonsuppurative encephalitis |
| + | *Myocarditis |
| + | |l11=Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Diagnosis |
| + | |q12=What treatment is there for encephalomyocarditis? |
| + | |a12=There is no specific treatment. Mortality levels in at risk pigs can be reduced by avoiding stress or excitation. |
| + | |l12= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Treatment |
| + | |q13=How can EMCV be controlled? |
| + | |a13= |
| + | *Inactivated vaccine (intramuscularly) in the USA. |
| + | *Control rodent populations on farm to prevent the spread of disease and contamination of feeds or water supply |
| + | *Good husbandry and hygiene protocols should be followed |
| + | *Regular use of disinfectants |
| + | |l13= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Control |
| </FlashCard> | | </FlashCard> |
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