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Encephalomyocarditis Virus Flashcards (view source)
Revision as of 23:08, 6 July 2011
, 23:08, 6 July 2011no edit summary
<FlashCard questions="5">
<FlashCard questions="13">
|q1=What disease does the ''Encephalomyocarditis virus cause in pigs?
|q1=What disease does the Encephalomyocarditis virus cause in pigs and which systems can it affect?
|a1= |l1=Encephalomyocarditis. The disease affects the nervous, reproductive, respiratory and circulatory system of pigs.
|a1=Encephalomyocarditis. The disease affects the nervous, reproductive, respiratory and circulatory system of pigs.
|l1=Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Introduction
|l1=Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Introduction
|q2=what type of virus is ''Encephalomyocarditis virus''(EMCV)?
|q2=What type of virus is Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV)?
|a2= A single stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus
|a2= A single stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus.
|l2= Japanese Encephalitis Virus#Introduction
|l2= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Introduction
|q3= What are the properties of EMCV?
|q3= What are the properties of EMCV?
|a3=
|a3=
*It is stable over a wide range of pH.
*It is stable over a wide range of pH
*The virus is ether-resistant
*The virus is ether-resistant
*It can be inactivated at 60°C for 30 minutes (although some are more thermally stabile).
*It can be inactivated at 60°C for 30 minutes (although some are more thermally stabile)
|l3= Japanese Encephalitis Virus#Introduction
|l3= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Introduction
|q4= What serological test can be performed for Japanese Encephalitis Virus?
|q4=Can EMCV infect humans?
|a4= Antibodies can be detected by ELISA or serum neutralisation
|a4= Antibodies for EMCV have been found in humans but there are no reports that the virus causes human heart disease.
|l4= Japanese Encephalitis Virus#Diagnosis
|l4= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Introduction
|q5= From where can viral antigen be demonstrated and with which tests?
|q5=What are the hosts for (EMCV)?
|a5=
|a5= The domestic host for this virus is the pig and it is the most susceptible to EMCV infection. Other hosts include:
*Brain
*Chimpanzees
*Placenta
*Monkeys
*Foetus
*Elephants
*IFAT
*Lions
*Avidin-Biotin immunostaining
*Squirrels
|l5=Japanese Encephalitis Virus#Diagnosis
*Mongooses
*Racoons
|l5= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Signalment
|q6=What are the clinical signs associated with EMCV?
|a6= The disease causes:
*High mortality in young pigs
*Reproductive failures in breeding females
*Piglets suffer from myocarditis, encephalitis and sudden death due to myocardial failure
*Vomiting and regurgitation
*Anorexia, pyrexia, fasciculations, tachypnea, dyspnea, and open mouth breathing
Neurological signs include:
*Ataxia, generalised weakness, tetraparesis, inability to stand, tremor, dysmetria, lethargy and depression.
Pregnant sows that become infected can suffer from infertility, mummified fetus, abortions, still births, small litter and weak new born.
|l6= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Clinical Signs
|q7=How is the virus believed to be spread?
|a7= Through rodents (major reservoir of the disease) - infecting pigs directly or through diseased carcasses and contaminated feeds or water supplies.
|l7= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Epidemiology
|q8=What is the distribution of EMCV?
|a8= Worldwide; cases were first reported in Central America, Florida and Australia.
|l8= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Distribution
|q9=How can EMCV be diagnosed?
|a9= A definitive diagnosis can be confirmed by virus isolation from infected heart tissue from pigs that have died in the acute phase of the disease.
Detection of antibody specific to EMCV from still born piglets has been used to confirm foetal infection.
|l9= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Diagnosis
|q10=What pathology can be found on postmortem?
|a10=
*Cardiomegaly
*Myocardial lesions with yellow or white necrotic foci, usually on the epicardium of the right ventricle.
Infected foetuses can grossly vary depending on the stage of pregnancy and infection. Foetuses can be haemorrhagic, oedematous or apparently normal.
Acutely affected pigs may not show any gross lesions on post mortem.
|l10= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Diagnosis
|q11=What histopathological findings can be seen with EMCV?
|a11=
Within heart tissue:
*Myocarditis
*Focal or diffuse accumulation of mononuclear cells
*Vascular congestion and oedema
*Degeneration of the myocardial fibres with necrosis and occasional mineralization of necrotic heart muscle
Within brain tissue:
*Congestion
*Meningitis
*Perivascular infiltration (mononuclear cells)
*Neuronal degeneration
Within foetuses:
*Nonsuppurative encephalitis
*Myocarditis
|l11=Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Diagnosis
|q12=What treatment is there for encephalomyocarditis?
|a12=There is no specific treatment. Mortality levels in at risk pigs can be reduced by avoiding stress or excitation.
|l12= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Treatment
|q13=How can EMCV be controlled?
|a13=
*Inactivated vaccine (intramuscularly) in the USA.
*Control rodent populations on farm to prevent the spread of disease and contamination of feeds or water supply
*Good husbandry and hygiene protocols should be followed
*Regular use of disinfectants
|l13= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Control
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