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{{QuizCat|topic=Clinical|topicsubcategory=E|}}

 

 

 

}}{{QuizCat|topic=Clinical|topicsubcategory=E|}}

<WikiQuiz

<WikiQuiz

questionnumber="1"  

questionnumber="1"  

choice2="Diffuse fibrosing alveolitis"  

choice2="Diffuse fibrosing alveolitis"  

correctchoice="4"  

correctchoice="4"  

feedback4="'''Correct!''' SPA-RAO is a type III hypersensitivity seen in horses and is similar to the form seen in stabled horses, but this is seen when at summer pasture. [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Specific inflammatory airway diseases|WikiVet Article: hypersensitivity ]]"  

feedback4="'''Correct!''' SPA-RAO is a type III hypersensitivity seen in horses and is similar to the form seen in stabled horses, but this is seen when at summer pasture. [[:Category:Hypersensitivity|WikiVet Article: hypersensitivity ]]"  

feedback5="'''Incorrect.''' RAO was formally known as Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), it is a type III hypersensitivity which is encountered in adult horses and is a major cause of loss of performance. It is an asthma-like syndrome of the bronchioalveolar region, it is not fully understood, but is thought primarily to be a hypersensitivity response to inhaled allergens found in mouldy hay or bedding and in stable dust. The correct answer is summer pasture-associated recurrent airway obstruction (SPA-RAO), seen in horses and which is similar to the form seen when stabled, but this is seen when at summer pasture. [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Specific inflammatory airway diseases|WikiVet Article: hypersensitivity ]]"  

feedback5="'''Incorrect.''' RAO was formally known as Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), it is a type III hypersensitivity which is encountered in adult horses and is a major cause of loss of performance. It is an asthma-like syndrome of the bronchioalveolar region, it is not fully understood, but is thought primarily to be a hypersensitivity response to inhaled allergens found in mouldy hay or bedding and in stable dust. The correct answer is summer pasture-associated recurrent airway obstruction (SPA-RAO), seen in horses and which is similar to the form seen when stabled, but this is seen when at summer pasture. [[:Category:Hypersensitivity|WikiVet Article: hypersensitivity ]]"  

feedback3="'''Incorrect.''' Extrinsic Allergic Bronchio-alveolitis is a type III hypersensitivity which arises due to repeated inhalation of spores of thermophilic actinomycetes in mouldy hay. It is a disease primarily of housed cattle in winter. The correct answer is summer pasture-associated recurrent airway obstruction (SPA-RAO), seen in horses and is similar to the form seen when stabled, but this is seen when at summer pasture. [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Specific inflammatory airway diseases|WikiVet Article: hypersensitivity ]]"  

feedback3="'''Incorrect.''' Extrinsic Allergic Bronchio-alveolitis is a type III hypersensitivity which arises due to repeated inhalation of spores of thermophilic actinomycetes in mouldy hay. It is a disease primarily of housed cattle in winter. The correct answer is summer pasture-associated recurrent airway obstruction (SPA-RAO), seen in horses and is similar to the form seen when stabled, but this is seen when at summer pasture. [[:Category:Hypersensitivity|WikiVet Article: hypersensitivity ]]"  

feedback1="'''Incorrect.''' The aetiology of inflammatory airway disease (IAD) is unknown. Proposed aetiologies include allergic airway disease, recurrent pulmonary stress, deep inhalation of dust, atmospheric pollutants, and/ or persistent respiratory viral infections. The correct answer is summer pasture-associated recurrent airway obstruction (SPA-RAO), seen in horses and is similar to the form seen when stabled, but this is seen when at summer pasture. [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Specific inflammatory airway diseases|WikiVet Article: hypersensitivity ]]"  

feedback1="'''Incorrect.''' The aetiology of inflammatory airway disease (IAD) is unknown. Proposed aetiologies include allergic airway disease, recurrent pulmonary stress, deep inhalation of dust, atmospheric pollutants, and/ or persistent respiratory viral infections. The correct answer is summer pasture-associated recurrent airway obstruction (SPA-RAO), seen in horses and is similar to the form seen when stabled, but this is seen when at summer pasture. [[:Category:Hypersensitivity|WikiVet Article: hypersensitivity ]]"  

feedback2="'''Incorrect.''' Diffuse fibrosing alveolitis is a type III hypersensitivity. There is a diffuse inflammatory process characterised by thickening and fibrosis of the alveolar walls. The aetiology is not fully understood but it is likely to represent the end stage of a variety of initial insults. The correct answer is summer pasture-associated recurrent airway obstruction (SPA-RAO), seen in horses and is similar to the form seen when stabled, but this is seen when at summer pasture. [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Specific inflammatory airway diseases|WikiVet Article: hypersensitivity ]]"  

feedback2="'''Incorrect.''' Diffuse fibrosing alveolitis is a type III hypersensitivity. There is a diffuse inflammatory process characterised by thickening and fibrosis of the alveolar walls. The aetiology is not fully understood but it is likely to represent the end stage of a variety of initial insults. The correct answer is summer pasture-associated recurrent airway obstruction (SPA-RAO), seen in horses and is similar to the form seen when stabled, but this is seen when at summer pasture. [[:Category:Hypersensitivity|WikiVet Article: hypersensitivity ]]"  

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</WikiQuiz>  

</WikiQuiz>  

choice3="Low dose short course antibiotics"  

choice3="Low dose short course antibiotics"  

correctchoice="2"  

correctchoice="2"  

feedback2="'''Correct!''' Opening up and debriding the wound will increase oxygen in the environment (Clostridium is an anaerobe). This in conjunction with high doses of IV penicillin to treat the infection, plus high doses of tetanus antitoxin to try and bind toxin not yet bound to neuromuscular junctions is an appropriate approach to treatment of tetanus in the early stages of infection. [[Clostridium species#Clostridium tetani|WikiVet Article: Tetanus]]"  

feedback2="'''Correct!''' Opening up and debriding the wound will increase oxygen in the environment (Clostridium is an anaerobe). This in conjunction with high doses of IV penicillin to treat the infection, plus high doses of tetanus antitoxin to try and bind toxin not yet bound to neuromuscular junctions is an appropriate approach to treatment of tetanus in the early stages of infection. [[Clostridium tetani|WikiVet Article: Tetanus]]"  

feedback1="'''Incorrect.''' At the early stage of infection the patient will not yet be exhibiting tetanic spasms which would require sedation and muscle relaxants. The correct answer is wound debridement, IV antibiotics and tetanus antitoxin injections. Opening up and debriding the wound will increase oxygen in the environment (Clostridium is an anaerobe). This in conjunction with high doses of IV penicillin to treat the infection, plus high doses of tetanus antitoxin to try and bind toxin not yet bound to neuromuscular junctions is an appropriate approach to treatment of tetanus in the early stages of infection. Link to WikiVet: Tetanus"  

feedback1="'''Incorrect.''' At the early stage of infection the patient will not yet be exhibiting tetanic spasms which would require sedation and muscle relaxants. The correct answer is wound debridement, IV antibiotics and tetanus antitoxin injections. Opening up and debriding the wound will increase oxygen in the environment (Clostridium is an anaerobe). This in conjunction with high doses of IV penicillin to treat the infection, plus high doses of tetanus antitoxin to try and bind toxin not yet bound to neuromuscular junctions is an appropriate approach to treatment of tetanus in the early stages of infection. Link to WikiVet: Tetanus"  

feedback4="'''Incorrect.''' The pathogenesis of tetanus is associated with penetration and germination of spores in a wound where there is an anaerobic environment. Bandaging the wound would exacerbate this by creating the optimum anaerobic environment for Clostridium. The correct answer is wound debridement, IV antibiotics and tetanus antitoxin injections. Opening up and debriding the wound will increase oxygen in the environment (Clostridium is an anaerobe). This in conjunction with high doses of IV penicillin to treat the infection, plus high doses of tetanus antitoxin to try and bind toxin not yet bound to neuromuscular junctions is an appropriate approach to treatment of tetanus in the early stages of infection. Link to WikiVet: Tetanus"  

feedback4="'''Incorrect.''' The pathogenesis of tetanus is associated with penetration and germination of spores in a wound where there is an anaerobic environment. Bandaging the wound would exacerbate this by creating the optimum anaerobic environment for Clostridium. The correct answer is wound debridement, IV antibiotics and tetanus antitoxin injections. Opening up and debriding the wound will increase oxygen in the environment (Clostridium is an anaerobe). This in conjunction with high doses of IV penicillin to treat the infection, plus high doses of tetanus antitoxin to try and bind toxin not yet bound to neuromuscular junctions is an appropriate approach to treatment of tetanus in the early stages of infection. Link to WikiVet: Tetanus"  

choice5="Distal denervating disease"  

choice5="Distal denervating disease"  

correctchoice="4"  

correctchoice="4"  

feedback4="'''Correct!''' Equine motor neuron disease is a generalised lower motor neuron disorder of particularly postural muscles of the body limbs, neck and sacrocaudalis medialis leading to diffuse weakness and a raised tail head. There is degeneration of ventral horn motor neurons, chromatolysis, neurofilament accumulation, gliosis, Wallerian degeneration and denervation changes in the muscle. [[Pathology of the PNS - Pathology|WikiVet Article: PNS ]]"  

feedback4="'''Correct!''' Equine motor neuron disease is a generalised lower motor neuron disorder of particularly postural muscles of the body limbs, neck and sacrocaudalis medialis leading to diffuse weakness and a raised tail head. There is degeneration of ventral horn motor neurons, chromatolysis, neurofilament accumulation, gliosis, Wallerian degeneration and denervation changes in the muscle. [[Peripheral Nervous System Pathology Overview|WikiVet Article: PNS ]]"  

feedback2="'''Incorrect.''' Stringhalt is a distal axonopathy especially of large diameter fibres, but its causes are poorly understood. The correct answer is equine motor neuron disease, which is a generalised lower motor neuron disorder. There is degeneration of ventral horn motor neurons, chromatolysis, neurofilament accumulation, gliosis, Wallerian degeneration and denervation changes in the muscle. [[Pathology of the PNS - Pathology|WikiVet Article: PNS ]]"  

feedback2="'''Incorrect.''' Stringhalt is a distal axonopathy especially of large diameter fibres, but its causes are poorly understood. The correct answer is equine motor neuron disease, which is a generalised lower motor neuron disorder. There is degeneration of ventral horn motor neurons, chromatolysis, neurofilament accumulation, gliosis, Wallerian degeneration and denervation changes in the muscle. [[Peripheral Nervous System Pathology Overview|WikiVet Article: PNS ]]"  

feedback1="'''Incorrect.''' Cauda equina neuritis is the equine version of idiopathic polyradiculoneuritis. Extradural nerve roots of cauda equina are thickened and discoloured and there is an inflammatory infiltrate, extensive axonal damage and demyelination. The aetiology unknown. The correct answer is equine motor neuron disease, which is a generalised lower motor neuron disorder. There is degeneration of ventral horn motor neurons, chromatolysis, neurofilament accumulation, gliosis, Wallerian degeneration and denervation changes in the muscle. [[Pathology of the PNS - Pathology|WikiVet Article: PNS ]]"  

feedback1="'''Incorrect.''' Cauda equina neuritis is the equine version of idiopathic polyradiculoneuritis. Extradural nerve roots of cauda equina are thickened and discoloured and there is an inflammatory infiltrate, extensive axonal damage and demyelination. The aetiology unknown. The correct answer is equine motor neuron disease, which is a generalised lower motor neuron disorder. There is degeneration of ventral horn motor neurons, chromatolysis, neurofilament accumulation, gliosis, Wallerian degeneration and denervation changes in the muscle. [[Peripheral Nervous System Pathology Overview|WikiVet Article: PNS ]]"  

feedback3="'''Incorrect.''' Suprascapular nerve injury or 'Sweeney' is caused by the horse colliding into an object. There is fibrous entrapment as the nerve is reflected around the wing of the scapula, resulting in atrophy of supra- and infra- spinatous muscles. The correct answer is equine motor neuron disease, which is a generalised lower motor neuron disorder. There is degeneration of ventral horn motor neurons, chromatolysis, neurofilament accumulation, gliosis, Wallerian degeneration and denervation changes in the muscle. [[Pathology of the PNS - Pathology|WikiVet Article: PNS ]]"  

feedback3="'''Incorrect.''' Suprascapular nerve injury or 'Sweeney' is caused by the horse colliding into an object. There is fibrous entrapment as the nerve is reflected around the wing of the scapula, resulting in atrophy of supra- and infra- spinatous muscles. The correct answer is equine motor neuron disease, which is a generalised lower motor neuron disorder. There is degeneration of ventral horn motor neurons, chromatolysis, neurofilament accumulation, gliosis, Wallerian degeneration and denervation changes in the muscle. [[Peripheral Nervous System Pathology Overview|WikiVet Article: PNS ]]"  

feedback5="'''Incorrect.''' Distal denervating disease is a distal axonopathy, possibly of toxic origin. It is a condition of small animals, not large animals. The correct answer is equine motor neuron disease, which is a generalised lower motor neuron disorder. There is degeneration of ventral horn motor neurons, chromatolysis, neurofilament accumulation, gliosis, Wallerian degeneration and denervation changes in the muscle. [[Pathology of the PNS - Pathology|WikiVet Article: PNS ]]"  

feedback5="'''Incorrect.''' Distal denervating disease is a distal axonopathy, possibly of toxic origin. It is a condition of small animals, not large animals. The correct answer is equine motor neuron disease, which is a generalised lower motor neuron disorder. There is degeneration of ventral horn motor neurons, chromatolysis, neurofilament accumulation, gliosis, Wallerian degeneration and denervation changes in the muscle. [[Peripheral Nervous System Pathology Overview|WikiVet Article: PNS ]]"  

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</WikiQuiz>  

</WikiQuiz>  

choice3="Distension of the guttural pouch with air"  

choice3="Distension of the guttural pouch with air"  

correctchoice="2"  

correctchoice="2"  

feedback2="'''Correct!''' Chondroids are formed from inspissated pus. Empyema is caused by upper respiratory tract infections, especially the pathogenic Streptococcus equi var. equi, the cause of Strangles. [[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology |WikiVet Article: Guttural pouch ]]"  

feedback2="'''Correct!''' Chondroids are formed from inspissated pus. Empyema is caused by upper respiratory tract infections, especially the pathogenic Streptococcus equi var. equi, the cause of Strangles. [[Guttural Pouch Empyema |WikiVet Article: Guttural pouch ]]"  

feedback5="'''Incorrect.''' Epistaxis is associated with guttural pouch mycosis, a fibrinous necrotising diphtheritic inflammatory process, most often caused by Aspergillus spp. The fungus grows adjacent to the internal carotid artery and can lead to necrosis of the arterial wall and (sometimes fatal) haemorrhage. The correct answer is chondroids, which are concretions of inspissated pus. Empyema is caused by upper respiratory tract infections, especially the pathogenic Streptococcus equi var. equi, the cause of Strangles. [[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology|WikiVet Article: Guttural pouch ]]"  

feedback5="'''Incorrect.''' Epistaxis is associated with guttural pouch mycosis, a fibrinous necrotising diphtheritic inflammatory process, most often caused by Aspergillus spp. The fungus grows adjacent to the internal carotid artery and can lead to necrosis of the arterial wall and (sometimes fatal) haemorrhage. The correct answer is chondroids, which are concretions of inspissated pus. Empyema is caused by upper respiratory tract infections, especially the pathogenic Streptococcus equi var. equi, the cause of Strangles. [[Guttural Pouch Mycosis |WikiVet Article: Guttural pouch ]]"  

feedback1="'''Incorrect.''' Laryngeal hemiplegia is associated with guttural pouch mycosis, a fibrinous necrotising diphtheritic inflammatory process most often caused by Aspergillus spp. There is invasion of neighbouring structures such as nerves, causing the hemiplegia. Cranial nerves IX, X, XI, XII and the sympathetic trunk cross the dorsocaudal aspect of the medial compartment, and cranial nerve VII is in contact with the lateral compartment.The correct answer is chondroids. These consist of inspissated pus. Empyema is caused by upper respiratory tract infections, especially the pathogenic Streptococcus equi var. equi. [[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology|WikiVet Article: Guttural pouch ]]"  

feedback1="'''Incorrect.''' Laryngeal hemiplegia is associated with guttural pouch mycosis, a fibrinous necrotising diphtheritic inflammatory process most often caused by Aspergillus spp. There is invasion of neighbouring structures such as nerves, causing the hemiplegia. Cranial nerves IX, X, XI, XII and the sympathetic trunk cross the dorsocaudal aspect of the medial compartment, and cranial nerve VII is in contact with the lateral compartment.The correct answer is chondroids. These consist of inspissated pus. Empyema is caused by upper respiratory tract infections, especially the pathogenic Streptococcus equi var. equi. [[Guttural Pouch Mycosis |WikiVet Article: Guttural pouch ]]"  

feedback4="'''Incorrect.''' Retropharyngeal abscess is a possible cause of guttural pouch empyema not a consequence of it. The correct answer is chondroids. These consist of inspissated pus. Empyema is caused by upper respiratory tract infections, especially the pathogenic Streptococcus equi var. equi. [[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology |WikiVet Article: Guttural pouch ]]"  

feedback4="'''Incorrect.''' Retropharyngeal abscess is a possible cause of guttural pouch empyema not a consequence of it. The correct answer is chondroids. These consist of inspissated pus. Empyema is caused by upper respiratory tract infections, especially the pathogenic Streptococcus equi var. equi. [[Guttural Pouch Empyema |WikiVet Article: Guttural pouch ]]"  

feedback3="'''Incorrect.''' Distention of the guttural pouch is seen in guttural pouch tympany, a congenital defect of the guttural pouch ostia. Although it is potentially secondary to inflammation it is not itself an inflammatory condition. The abnormal distention of pouch with air causes a marked retropharyngeal swelling. The correct answer is chondroids. These consist of inspissated pus. Empyema is caused by upper respiratory tract infections, especially the pathogenic Streptococcus equi var. equi. [[TO DELETE|WikiVet Article: Guttural pouch ]]"  

feedback3="'''Incorrect.''' Distention of the guttural pouch is seen in guttural pouch tympany, a congenital defect of the guttural pouch ostia. Although it is potentially secondary to inflammation it is not itself an inflammatory condition. The abnormal distention of pouch with air causes a marked retropharyngeal swelling. The correct answer is chondroids. These consist of inspissated pus. Empyema is caused by upper respiratory tract infections, especially the pathogenic Streptococcus equi var. equi. [[Guttural Pouch Tympany |WikiVet Article: Guttural pouch ]]"  

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</WikiQuiz>  

</WikiQuiz>