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− | Also Known As: '''''Fin Rot — Peduncle Disease''''' | + | Also Known As: '''''Fin Rot — Peduncle Disease — CWD''''' |
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| Caused by: '''''Flavobacterium psychrophilum''''' previously known as: ''Cytophaga psychrophila — Flexibacter psychrophilus'' | | Caused by: '''''Flavobacterium psychrophilum''''' previously known as: ''Cytophaga psychrophila — Flexibacter psychrophilus'' |
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| ==Introduction== | | ==Introduction== |
| [[File:CWD Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Cold water Disease in an ayu (''Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis''). Wikimedia Commons]] | | [[File:CWD Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Cold water Disease in an ayu (''Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis''). Wikimedia Commons]] |
− | | + | ''Flavobacterium psychrophilum'' is a '''gram negative rod shaped [[Bacteria|bacterial]] pathogen''', known for causing '''Cold Water Disease (CWD) in salmonid fish'''. The disease typically occurs at temperatures '''below 13⁰C''', and is most '''serious and prevalent below 10⁰C.''' |
− | Flavobacterium psychrophilum is a '''gram negative rod shaped [[Bacteria|bacterial]] pathogen''', known for causing '''Cold Water Disease (CWD) in salmonid fish'''. The disease typically occurs at temperatures '''below 13⁰''', and is most '''serious and prevalent below 10⁰C.''' | |
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| This disease is not zoonotic and poses no public health risk. | | This disease is not zoonotic and poses no public health risk. |
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| ==Distribution== | | ==Distribution== |
− | CWD is common in any area where water temperatures are consistently below 15⁰C. | + | CWD is common in any area where water temperatures are consistently below 15⁰C. This includes '''North America, the UK, Europe and parts of Oceania.''' |
− | This includes '''North America, the UK, Europe and parts of Oceania.''' | |
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− | '''Asymptomatic carrier fish and contaminated water''' provide reservoirs for disease. Transmission is mainly '''horizontal''' from these sources. '''Vertical transmission is also possible''', via ovarian fluid, milt, egg surfaces and mucus.<ref>Brown, L. L., Cox, W. T., Levine, R. P (1997) '''Evidence that the causal agent of bacterial cold-water disease Flavobacterium psychrophilum is transmitted within salmonid eggs.''' Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 29(3):213-218</ref> Eggs can also be experimentally contaminated and infected. | + | '''Asymptomatic carrier fish and contaminated water''' provide reservoirs for disease. Transmission is mainly '''horizontal''' from these sources. '''Vertical transmission is also possible''', via ovarian fluid, milt, egg surfaces and mucus.<ref>Brown, L. L., Cox, W. T., Levine, R. P (1997) '''Evidence that the causal agent of bacterial cold-water disease ''Flavobacterium psychrophilum'' is transmitted within salmonid eggs.''' ''Diseases of Aquatic Organisms,'' 29(3):213-218</ref> Eggs can also be experimentally contaminated and infected. |
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| ==Signalment== | | ==Signalment== |
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| In '''Rainbow Trout Fry Syndrome''', acute disease is usual and '''mortality can approach 60%''' which is devastating in the commonly affected populations of tens of thousands of young fish. Shortly before death, fish are lethargic, have '''darkened skin, inappetance and demonstrate exopthalmos'''. | | In '''Rainbow Trout Fry Syndrome''', acute disease is usual and '''mortality can approach 60%''' which is devastating in the commonly affected populations of tens of thousands of young fish. Shortly before death, fish are lethargic, have '''darkened skin, inappetance and demonstrate exopthalmos'''. |
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− | Salmonid fish can also acquire a '''chronic form of CWD characterised by erratic “corkscrew” swimming, blackened tails and spinal deformities'''.<ref> Blazer, V., Stark, K., Starliper, C (1996) '''Unusual histologic manifestations of Flexibacter psychrophila in hatchery salmonids'''. In: 21st Annual Eastern Fish Health Workshop. ''Gloucester Point, Virginia'', 5-6 September, 10</ref> This may follow recovery from typical CWD. | + | Salmonid fish can also acquire a '''chronic form of CWD characterised by erratic “corkscrew” swimming, blackened tails and spinal deformities'''.<ref> Blazer, V., Stark, K., Starliper, C (1996) '''Unusual histologic manifestations of ''Flexibacter psychrophila'' in hatchery salmonids'''. In: 21st Annual Eastern Fish Health Workshop. ''Gloucester Point, Virginia'', 5-6 September, 10</ref> This may follow recovery from typical CWD. |
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| ==Diagnosis== | | ==Diagnosis== |
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| '''Quaternary ammonium compounds''' can be delivered in a static bah or flow through system for infected adult fish and fry. | | '''Quaternary ammonium compounds''' can be delivered in a static bah or flow through system for infected adult fish and fry. |
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− | '''Terramycin''' can be added to feed as an alternative for adults, fry and broodstock. This can also be used preventatively. Some resistance is emerging however. | + | '''Terramycin''' can be added to feed as an alternative for adults, fry and broodstock. This can also be used preventively. Some resistance is emerging however. |
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| ==Control== | | ==Control== |
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| Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Cold Water Disease datasheet''', accessed 10/07/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/ | | Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Cold Water Disease datasheet''', accessed 10/07/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/ |
− | [[Category:To Do - CABI review]] | + | |
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| + | {{review}} |
| + | [[Category:Fish Diseases]] |
| + | [[Category:CABI Expert Review]] |