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==Causes of Icterus==
==Causes of Icterus==
===Pre-hepatic Jaundice===
===Pre-hepatic Jaundice===
Also sometimes called '''Haemolytic Icterus'''. This condition results from increased red blood cell destruction, overwhelming the capacity of the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] to conjugate and excrete the bilirubin which is released into the plasma. The majority of the bilirubin is therefore '''unconjugated''' and, unlike the conjugated form, this cannot be excreted by the [[Urinary System Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|kidney]]. Possible causes of haemolysis and prehepatic jaundice include:
Also sometimes called '''Haemolytic Icterus'''. This condition results from increased red blood cell destruction, overwhelming the capacity of the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] to conjugate and excrete the bilirubin which is released into the plasma. The majority of the bilirubin is therefore '''unconjugated''' and, unlike the conjugated form, this cannot be excreted by the [[Urinary System Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|kidney]]. Possible causes of haemolysis and prehepatic jaundice include:
*'''Haemolytic bacteria''', including ''[[Clostridium haemolyticum]]'' in cattle and [[Leptospira|'''Leptospires''']] in various species.
*'''Haemolytic bacteria''', including ''[[Clostridium haemolyticum]]'' in cattle and [[Leptospira|'''Leptospires''']] in various species.
*'''Haemolytic parasites''', including '''[[Babesia|Babesiosis]]''' in cattle and dogs and ''[[Feline Infectious Anaemia|Mycoplasma haemofelis]]'' in cats.
*'''Haemolytic parasites''', including '''[[Babesia|Babesiosis]]''' in cattle and dogs and ''[[Feline Infectious Anaemia|Mycoplasma haemofelis]]'' in cats.
*'''Immune reactions''' to red blood cells, including:
*'''Immune reactions''' to red blood cells, including:
**'''Neonatal isoerthryolysis''', resulting from the production of antibodies by the dam which are ingested by the neonate in colostrum and subsequently cause destruction of red blood cells. Bilirubin is able to cross the immature blood brain barrier and cause direct damage to the neurones of the brain, a phenomenon called '''kernicterus'''.
**'''Neonatal isoerthryolysis''', resulting from the production of antibodies by the dam which are ingested by the neonate in colostrum and subsequently cause destruction of red blood cells. Bilirubin is able to cross the immature blood brain barrier and cause direct damage to the neurones of the brain, a phenomenon called '''kernicterus'''.
**'''Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia''' or '''immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia'''.
**'''Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia''' or [[Immune Mediated Haemolytic Anaemia|'''immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia''']].
**Destruction of red blood cells of '''lambs fed with bovine colostrum'''.
**Destruction of red blood cells of '''lambs fed with bovine colostrum'''.
*'''Hypophosphataemia''', which may occur in cattle with '''post-parturient haemoglobinuria''', in animals with '''diabetic ketoacidosis''' (DKA) which are rapidly stabilised with insulin and in '''refeeding syndrome'''.
*'''Hypophosphataemia''', which may occur in cattle with '''post-parturient haemoglobinuria''', in animals with '''diabetic ketoacidosis''' (DKA) which are rapidly stabilised with insulin and in '''refeeding syndrome'''.
Also see [[Bilirubin]].
Also see [[Bilirubin]].
==Test yourself with the Liver Pathology Flashcards==
{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Liver_Flashcards_-_Pathology|Liver Pathology Flashcards]]
[[Liver_Flashcards_-_Pathology|Liver Pathology Flashcards]]
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}}
==References==
==References==
Gorman N (1998) '''Canine Medicine and Therapeutics''' ''Blackwell Sciences''
Gorman N (1998) '''Canine Medicine and Therapeutics''' ''Blackwell Sciences''