Changes

==Intestinal Eventration==

==Intestinal Eventration==

This complication is '''rare''' and generally only occurs following an '''open''' castration. It may occur either as a result of '''straining post-operatively''' in the presence of '''large inguinal rings''', or '''secondary to a hernia''' present prior to castration. It will normally occur in the first 24 hours post-op.  

This complication is '''rare''' and generally only occurs following an '''open''' castration, however it is lifethreatening and immediate action is required. It may occur either as a result of '''straining post-operatively''' in the presence of '''large inguinal rings''', or '''secondary to a hernia''' present prior to castration. It will normally occur in the first 24 hours post-op, but can occur up to one week following surgery.  

===Treatment===

===Treatment===

* Wrap in a moist clean sheet and rubbish bag to prevent further contamination

* Wrap in a moist clean sheet and rubbish bag to prevent further contamination

* Wash the intestines with warm saline and antibiotic solution  

* Wash the intestines with warm saline and antibiotic solution  

* Identify the vaginal tunic and feed the intestines back through the inguinal ring with or without extending the inguinal ring cranially

* Identify the vaginal tunic and feed the intestines back through the inguinal ring with or without extending the inguinal ring cranially via a midline laparotomy

* Suture closed or pack the external inguinal ring

* Suture closed or pack the external inguinal ring

* If the bowel is compromised or damaged it may require resection.

* If the bowel is compromised or damaged it may require resection.

'''2) If extended to ground and trodden''':

'''2) If extended to ground and trodden''':

* Hopeless prognosis

* Hopeless prognosis

* Euthanasia the only appropriate treatment  

* Euthanasia the only appropriate treatment

=Oedema=

=Oedema=