Changes

 

Anaesthetic agents have a number of side effects and it is often necessary to treat these issues using some of the following drugs -  

Anaesthetic agents have a number of side effects and it is often necessary to treat these issues using some of the following drugs -  

==Dobutamine==

==Dobutamine==

Dobutamine has a low half life and so is given via a continuous rate intravenous infusion. Due to its potential side effects however, it can only be administered for a maximum of 48 hours.  

Dobutamine has a low half life and so is given via a continuous rate intravenous infusion. Due to its potential side effects however, it can only be administered for a maximum of 48 hours.  

===Contraindications and Side Effects===

===Side Effects===

*Hypertension

*Reflex hypertension may develop

*Cardiac arrhythmias

*Cardiac arrhythmias

Ephedrine has the same action as epinephrine but has slightly different properties. It is similar to amphetamines in that ephedrine causes noradrenaline release leading to catecholaminergic receptor stimulation. Ephedrine has a lower potency but longer duration of action when compared with epinephrine. It also has more pronounced CNS effects.  

Ephedrine has the same action as epinephrine but has slightly different properties. It is similar to amphetamines in that ephedrine causes noradrenaline release leading to catecholaminergic receptor stimulation. Ephedrine has a lower potency but longer duration of action when compared with epinephrine. It also has more pronounced CNS effects.  

===Contraindications and Side Effects===

===Contraindications===

*Irritability

*Irritability

*Tachycardia

*Tachycardia

*Hypertension

*Hypertension

*Anorexia

*Anorexia

*Avoid in patients with severe cardiovascular disease

 

*Caution in patients diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, prostatic hypertrophy and glaucoma.

Use of ephedrine can induce tachycardia and hypertension and animals should be monitored carefully with this in mind.

 

Ephedrine has been used in Chinese tradition medicine for thousands of years and is a natural product essentially having the same action as epinephrine but different properties.

==Phenylephrine==

==Phenylephrine==

Phenylephrine is an α adrenergic sympathomimetic used to treat hypotension without cardiac stimulation. Due to metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract, it is available in an injectable form. It acts by causing peripheral vasoconstriction leading to an increase in blood pressure, both systolic and diastolic. However, a reflex bradycardia may be seen. There is a increase in coronary blood flow.  

'''''Phenylephrine is used to treat hypotension caused by a number of factors including barbituate anaesthesia.''''' In non emergency situations, it has diagnostic properties when used opthlamically.  

It is used to treat hypotension caused by a number of factors including barbituate anaesthesia, and has diagnostic opthlamic uses also. If administered intravenously onset is almost immediate, and duration of action is approximately 20 minutes, while if administered intramuscularly onset of action is approximately 10-15 minutes with a duration of action approximately 1 hour.  

Phenylephrine is an α adrenergic sympathomimetic used to treat hypotension without cardiac stimulation. Due to metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract, it is presented in an injectable form. It acts by causing peripheral vasoconstriction leading to an increase in blood pressure, both systolic and diastolic. However, a reflex bradycardia may be seen. There is a increase in coronary blood flow. If administered intravenously onset is almost immediate, and duration of action is approximately 20 minutes; if administered intramuscularly onset of action is approximately 10-15 minutes with a duration of action of approximately 1 hour.  

===Contraindications===  

===Contraindications===  

==Vasopressin==

==Vasopressin==

Vasopressin is a non-catecholamine vasopressor. It is a hypothalamic hormone found in the posterior pituitary. It promotes the renal reabsorption fo water as well as smooth muscle contraction particularly of capillaries and small arterioles. This smooth muscle contraction may lead to decreased blood flow to systems but increased hepatic blood flow. Vasporessin is indicated in patients with vasodilatory shock or ventricular fibrillation. However, possible side effects include vasconstriction and arrhythmias. It should be avoided in patients with vascular disease, history of seizures, heart failure, asthma or pregnant patients.

 

Vasopressin is a non-catecholamine vasopressor. It is a [[Pituitary Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Antidiuretic Hormone|hypothalamic hormone]] found in the posterior pituitary which promotes renal reabsorption of water as well as smooth muscle contraction particularly of capillaries and small arterioles. This smooth muscle contraction may lead to decreased blood flow to internal body systems but increased hepatic blood flow.  

 

 

Possible side effects include vasconstriction and arrhythmias.