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| − | {{review}}
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| − | {{toplink
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| − | |linkpage =General Pathology
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| − | |linktext =General Pathology
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| − | |maplink = General Pathology (Content Map)
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| − | |pagetype =Pathology
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| − | |sublink1=Disorders of Cell Growth - Pathology
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| − | |subtext1=DISORDERS OF CELL GROWTH
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| − | }}
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| − | <br>
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| | ==Neoplasia== | | ==Neoplasia== |
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| | ** Assess the results of treatment. | | ** Assess the results of treatment. |
| | * It must be remembered that there are several types of proliferative change, and neoplasia must be distinguised from these. | | * It must be remembered that there are several types of proliferative change, and neoplasia must be distinguised from these. |
| − | ** In addition to neoplasia, [[Disorders of Cell Growth - Pathology#Hyperplasia|hyperplasia]] and [[Disorders of Cell Growth - Pathology#Dysplasia|dysplasia]] are also proliferative changes. | + | ** In addition to neoplasia, [[Cell Growth Disorders#Hyperplasia|hyperplasia]] and [[Cell Growth Disorders#Dysplasia|dysplasia]] are also proliferative changes. |
| | * Inflammatory, repair and granuloma lesions may also masquerade as neoplasms. | | * Inflammatory, repair and granuloma lesions may also masquerade as neoplasms. |
| | ** However, destructive or necrotic tumours may have inflammation present. | | ** However, destructive or necrotic tumours may have inflammation present. |
| | * Unlike inflammation, hyperplasia or dysplasia, neoplastic cells show uncontrolled proliferation in the absence of a triggering stimulus. | | * Unlike inflammation, hyperplasia or dysplasia, neoplastic cells show uncontrolled proliferation in the absence of a triggering stimulus. |
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| − | ===Categories of Classifiaction=== | + | ===Categories of Classification=== |
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| | * Tumours are classified by: | | * Tumours are classified by: |
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| | *#* E.g. neuropathies, cerebellar degeneration, encaphalitis. | | *#* E.g. neuropathies, cerebellar degeneration, encaphalitis. |
| | *# Bone marrow malfunction. | | *# Bone marrow malfunction. |
| − | *#* E.g. [[Haemorrhage - Pathology#Purpura|purpuric disease]], anaemia, [[Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation|disseminated intravascular coagulation]]. | + | *#* E.g. [[Haemorrhage#Purpura|purpuric disease]], anaemia, [[Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation|disseminated intravascular coagulation]]. |
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| | ===Endocrine Aspects=== | | ===Endocrine Aspects=== |
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| | * The following are good veterinary examples: | | * The following are good veterinary examples: |
| | ** Mammary tumours in dogs and cats. | | ** Mammary tumours in dogs and cats. |
| − | ** Adenocarcinoma in the [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]] of the sheep. | + | ** Adenocarcinoma in the [[Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]] of the sheep. |
| | ** Pulmonary adenomatosis in the sheep. | | ** Pulmonary adenomatosis in the sheep. |
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| | ** Also recorded in Iceland, Norway, New Zealand and Australia. | | ** Also recorded in Iceland, Norway, New Zealand and Australia. |
| | * Affects mature sheep up to 6 years of age. | | * Affects mature sheep up to 6 years of age. |
| − | * Animals are cachectic and show [[Oedema - Pathology#Introduction|ascites]]. | + | * Animals are cachectic and show [[Oedema#Introduction|ascites]]. |
| − | * Tumours are ususally found in the [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]]. | + | * Tumours are ususally found in the [[Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]]. |
| | ** Are annular, causing stenosis. | | ** Are annular, causing stenosis. |
| | *** There is proximal dilation. | | *** There is proximal dilation. |
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| | ====Lymphoid Neoplasms==== | | ====Lymphoid Neoplasms==== |
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| − | | + | See [[Lymphoma]] |
| − | * '''Lymphoma''', '''malignant lymphoma''' and '''lymphosarcoma''' are different terms for the same condition.
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| − | | |
| − | ===== Classification=====
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| − | | |
| − | * '''Cytological classification'''.
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| − | ** Well differentiaed (lymphocytic)
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| − | *** The malignant cells represent normal lymphocytes, although in excessive numbers.
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| − | ** Poorly differentiated (lymphoblastic).
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| − | *** The malignant cells represent atypical lymphocytic cells with lymphoblastic characteristics.
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| − | * '''Tumour distribution'''
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| − | ** Nodular/ follicular.
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| − | *** A well organised pattern of slow growth.
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| − | *** No metastasis.
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| − | *** Are of the B-lymphocyte type.
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| − | ** Diffuse.
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| − | *** Result in effacement of normal lymphoid architecture by a very homogeneous population of lymphoid cells.
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| − | * '''Anatomical classification'''
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| − | ** Thymic.
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| − | ** Only the [[Thymus - Anatomy & Physiology|thymus]].
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| − | ** Alimentary.
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| − | *** Gut and associated lymphoid tissue.
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| − | ** Multicentric.
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| − | *** Widespread involvement of lymph nodes.
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| − | ** Cutaneous lymphoma.
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| − | *** Usually presents as generalised skin disease, but is a malignant transformation of T cells with a propensity for pithelial sites
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| − | * '''Type of lymphocyte'''
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| − | ** T-cell.
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| − | ** B-cell.
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| − | ** NK-cell.
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| − | * '''Time scale'''
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| − | ** Acute.
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| − | ** Chronic.
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| − | | |
| − | =====Prevalence=====
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| − | * Order of prevalence in UK: cats, dogs, cattle, pigs and sheep.
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| − | ** In the cat and ox, viral agents have been identified as the causal agents.
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| − | * Lymphoma is one of the prevalent neoplasms in the dog.
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| − | ** 80% of cases affect the 5 to 11 year old age group.
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| − | ** The incidence is about 28 per 100,000 dogs.
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| − | ** Blood of affected dogs shows neither a relative nor absolute increase in the number of lymphocytes until the late stages of the disease.
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| − | *** When this stage is reached, poorly differentiated cells may appear in the blood.
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| − | * FeLV is an important cause of lymphoma in the cat.
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| − | ** 70% of cats with lymphoma will test positive for FeLV.
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| − | ** FeLV also causes a number of non-neoplastic diseases.
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| − | *** Anaemia.
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| − | *** Leukopaenia.
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| − | *** Thymic atrophy.
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| − | * Cattle suffer both lymphosarcoma and leukosis in a variety of cytological forms.
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| − | ** Bovine lymphoma is caused by Bovine Leukaemia Virus (BLV).
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| − | *** A retrovirus.
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| − | *** There is a juvenile form of bovine lymphoma seen in young cattle which is not associated with BLV.
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| − | | |
| − | =====Species Differences=====
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| − | | |
| − | * The form of the disease may differe between species.
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| − | * '''Feline'''
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| − | ** Alimentary.
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| − | *** Affects the mesenteric lymph nodes, intestine, [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]], spleen , and potentially the kidney.
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| − | ** Thymic
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| − | *** Presents as a thymis mass, also in the mediastinal lymph nodes.
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| − | *** The pleural lymph nodes and the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] may potentially be affected.
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| − | ** Multicentric
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| − | *** Found in the peripheral and deep lymph nodes, [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] and spleen.
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| − | **** The kidney may sometimes be affected.
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| − | ** Renal
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| − | *** The kidney and other abdominal organs are affected.
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| − | ** Leukaemic
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| − | *** Affects the bone marrow alone.
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| − | *** This form is rare.
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| − | * '''Canine'''
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| − | ** Alimentary.
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| − | *** Affects the mesenteric lymph nodes, pancreatic lymph nodes, intestine, and potentially the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]].
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| − | ** Thymic.
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| − | *** Thymic and mediastinal masses.
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| − | ** Multicentric.
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| − | *** Affects the peripheral and deep lymph nodes, [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]], spleen and kidney.
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| − | * '''Bovine'''
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| − | ** Thymic.
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| − | *** Mainly affects adults.
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| − | *** Thymic and mediastinal masses.
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| − | *** Some lymph nodes are also affected.
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| − | ** Multicentric.
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| − | *** Mainly affects yopung adults.
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| − | *** Affects the peripheral and deep lymph nodes, spleen, [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] and kidney.
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| − | * '''Equine'''
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| − | ** Takes mainly an alimentary form.
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| − | ** Can rarely be cutaneous.
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| − | * '''Porcine'''
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| − | ** Mainly multicentric.
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| − | *** Lymph nodes, [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]], spleen.
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| − | * '''Ovine'''
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| − | ** Uncommon.
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| − | ** May be multicentric or thymic.
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| | ====Lymphocytic Leukaemia==== | | ====Lymphocytic Leukaemia==== |
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| | ** Gives rise to extensive endothelial lined vascular channels. | | ** Gives rise to extensive endothelial lined vascular channels. |
| | ** Haemorrhage and necrosis are common. | | ** Haemorrhage and necrosis are common. |
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| | + | [[Category:General Pathology]][[Category:Neoplasia]] |