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| − | <br>
| + | ===Host invasion=== |
| − | ==<font color="purple">Host invasion</font>== | + | <FlashCard questions="1"> |
| − | {| border="3" cellpadding="8"
| + | |q1=By what three routes can pathogens enter the body? |
| − | !width="400"|'''Question'''
| + | |a1= |
| − | !width="400"|'''Answer'''
| + | *Contact |
| − | !width="150"|'''Article'''
| + | *Aerosol |
| − | |- | + | *Orofecal |
| − | |<big>'''By what three routes can pathogens enter the body?''' | + | |l1=Host invasion by microorganisms |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big> | + | </FlashCard> |
| − | *'''''Contact''''' | + | ===Viruses=== |
| − | *'''''Aerosol''''' | + | <FlashCard questions="8"> |
| − | *'''''Orofecal''''' | + | |q1=Naked viruses contain only...? |
| − | ||[[Host invasion by microorganisms - WikiBlood|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | + | |a1=RNA/DNA and protein coat |
| − | |}
| + | |l1=Viral Structure |
| | + | |q2=Name three functions of viral structural proteins |
| | + | |a2= |
| | + | *Protection of the genome |
| | + | *Attachment to host cell |
| | + | *Fusion of envelope to host cell membrane |
| | + | |l2=Viral Structure |
| | + | |q3=Name the two main innate defenses against viral infection |
| | + | |a3= |
| | + | *Interferon |
| | + | *Natural killer cells |
| | + | |l3=Immune Responses to Viral Infections |
| | + | |q4=Upon viral infection, which antibody isotype is increased at mucosal surfaces? |
| | + | |a4=[[IgA]] |
| | + | |l4=Immune Responses to Viral Infections |
| | + | |q5=What do antibodies stop free virus particles from doing? |
| | + | |a5=Binding to host cell, entering and uncoating |
| | + | |l5=Immune Responses to Viral Infections |
| | + | |q6=By what mechanism is complement able to damage the virion envelope? |
| | + | |a6=Virolysis |
| | + | |l6=Immune Responses to Viral Infections |
| | + | |q7=When coupled with antibodies, what mechanisms does complement aid in immune defence? |
| | + | |a7= |
| | + | *Blocking the virus receptor |
| | + | *Lysis of infected cells |
| | + | *Opsonisation of free particles or infected cells |
| | + | |l7=Immune Responses to Viral Infections |
| | + | |q8=What are the main cytokines CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells release to recruit macrophages? |
| | + | |a8= |
| | + | *IFN-γ |
| | + | *TNF |
| | + | |l8=Immune Responses to Viral Infections |
| | + | </FlashCard> |
| | | | |
| | + | ===Bacteria=== |
| | + | <FlashCard questions="8"> |
| | + | |q1=Describe three ways prokaryotic DNA differs from eukaryotic DNA |
| | + | |a1= |
| | + | *Few repeated sequences |
| | + | *Most of the DNA is transcibed |
| | + | *No intervening sequences within structural genes |
| | + | |l1=Bacterial Structure |
| | + | |q2=These surface components allow bacteria to move around |
| | + | |a2=Flagella |
| | + | |l2=Bacteria Structure |
| | + | |q2=Bacteria with an outer layer of lipopolysaccharide are classed as... |
| | + | |a2=Gram-negative |
| | + | |l2=Bacterial Structure |
| | + | |q3=Bacteria with a round shape are classed as... |
| | + | |a3=Cocci |
| | + | |l3=Bacterial Structure |
| | + | |q4=Bacteria with a long shape are classed as... |
| | + | |a4=Rods or bacilli |
| | + | |l4=Bacterial Structure |
| | + | |q5=What are the four rules summarising the cause and effect relationship between bacteria and infection? |
| | + | |a5=Koch's postulates |
| | + | |l5=Bacterial Pathogenesis |
| | + | |q6=What is the condition, characterised by excessive cytokine production, that is caused by bacterial components such as LPS? |
| | + | |a6=Endotoxin shock |
| | + | |l6=Bacterial Pathogenesis |
| | + | |q7=By what mechanism do most bacteria replicate? |
| | + | |a7=Binary fission |
| | + | |l7=Bacterial Replication |
| | + | |q8=By what three mechanisms can bacteria transfer DNA? |
| | + | |a8= |
| | + | *Transformation |
| | + | *Transduction |
| | + | *Conjugation |
| | + | |l8=Bacterial Replication |
| | + | </FlashCard> |
| | + | ===Parasites=== |
| | + | <FlashCard questions="6"> |
| | + | |q1=Do protozoa have a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell structure |
| | + | |a1=Eukaryotic |
| | + | |l1=:Category:Protozoa |
| | + | |q2=What are the two main groups of helminth parasite? |
| | + | |a2= |
| | + | *Nematodes |
| | + | *Platyhelminthes |
| | + | |l2=:Category:Helminths |
| | + | |q3=What is the main cell type that mediates the destruction of larger parasites? |
| | + | |a3=Eosinophils |
| | + | |l3=Immunity to Parasites |
| | + | |q4=What T cell subtype is required to fight intracellular protozoa |
| | + | |a4=T<sub>H</sub>1 |
| | + | |l4=Immunity to Parasites |
| | + | |q5=What T cell subtype is required to fight intestinal worms? |
| | + | |a5=T<sub>H</sub>2 |
| | + | |l5=Immunity to Parasites |
| | + | |q6=How do antibodies defend against parasitic infection? |
| | + | |a6= |
| | + | *Directly damaging protozoa |
| | + | *Activating complement |
| | + | *Blocking attachment to host cells |
| | + | *Enhancing macrophage phagocytosis |
| | + | *Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity |
| | + | |l6=Immunity to Parasites |
| | + | </FlashCard> |
| | | | |
| − | ==<font color="purple">Viruses</font>==
| + | <br><br> |
| − | {| border="3" cellpadding="8" | + | {{Jim Bee 2007}} |
| − | !width="400"|'''Question'''
| + | [[Category:Immunology Flashcards]] |
| − | !width="400"|'''Answer'''
| |
| − | !width="150"|'''Article'''
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Naked viruses contain only...?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''RNA/DNA and protein coat'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Viruses - WikiBlood|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Name three functions of viral structural proteins'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Protection of the genome'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Attachment to host cell'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Fusion of envelope to host cell membrane'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Viruses - WikiBlood|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Name the two main innate defences against viral infection'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Interferon'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Natural killer cells
| |
| − | ||[[Viruses - WikiBlood|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Upon viral infection, which antibody isotype is increased at mucosal surfaces?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''IgA'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Viruses - WikiBlood|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What do antibodies stop free virus particles from doing?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Binding to host cell, entering and uncoating'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Viruses - WikiBlood|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''By what mechanism is complement able to damage the virion envelope?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Virolysis'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Viruses - WikiBlood|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''When coupled with antibodies, what mechanisms does complement aid in immune defence?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Blocking the virus receptor'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Lysis of infected cells'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Opsonisation of free particles or infected cells'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Viruses - WikiBlood|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What are the main cytokines CD4+ T cells release to recruit macrophages?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''IFN-γ'''''
| |
| − | *'''''TNF'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Viruses - WikiBlood|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==<font color="purple">Bacteria</font>==
| |
| − | {| border="3" cellpadding="8"
| |
| − | !width="400"|'''Question'''
| |
| − | !width="400"|'''Answer'''
| |
| − | !width="150"|'''Article'''
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Describe three ways prokaryotic DNA differs from eukaryotic DNA'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Few repeated sequences'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Most of the DNA is transcibed'''''
| |
| − | *'''''No intervening sequences within structural genes'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Bacteria - WikiBlood|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''These surface components allow bacteria to move around'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Flagella'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Bacteria - WikiBlood|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Bacteria with an outer layer of lipopolysaccharide are classed as...'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Gram-negative'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Bacteria - WikiBlood|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Bacteria with a round shape are classed as...'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Cocci'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Bacteria - WikiBlood|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Bacteria with a long shape are classed as...'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Rods or bacilli'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Bacteria - WikiBlood|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What are the four rules summarising the cause and effect relationship between bacteria and infection?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Koch's postulates'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Bacteria - WikiBlood|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What is the condition, characterised by excessive cytokine production, that is caused by bacterial components such as LPS?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Endotoxin shock'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Bacteria - WikiBlood|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''By what mechanism do most bacteria replicate?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Binary fission'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Bacteria - WikiBlood|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''By what three mechanisms can bacteria transfer DNA?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Transformation'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Transduction'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Conjugation'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Bacteria - WikiBlood|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==<font color="purple">Parasites</font>==
| |
| − | {| border="3" cellpadding="8"
| |
| − | !width="400"|'''Question'''
| |
| − | !width="400"|'''Answer'''
| |
| − | !width="150"|'''Article'''
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Do protozoa have a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell structure'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Eukaryotic'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Parasites - WikiBlood|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What are the two main groups of helminth parasite?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Nematodes'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Platyhelminthes'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Parasites - WikiBlood|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What is the main cell type that mediates the destruction of larger parasites?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Eosinophils'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Parasites - WikiBlood|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What T cell subtype is required to fight intracellular protozoa'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Th1'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Parasites - WikiBlood|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What T cell subtype is required to fight intestinal worms?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Th2'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Parasites - WikiBlood|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''How do antibodies defend against parasitic infection?'''
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Directly damaging protozoa'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Activating complement'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Blocking attachment to host cells'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Enhancing macrophage phagocytosis'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Parasites - WikiBlood|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |