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− | <big><center>[[Reproductive System|'''BACK TO REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM''']]</center></big>
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− | | + | ==Stages of Parturition== |
− | <big><center>[[Reproductive_System#Parturition|'''BACK TO PARTURITION''']]</center></big>
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| + | *Stage 1: this is the preparatory stage, starting at the onset of regular uterine contractions followed by cervical dilatation and the foetus assuming the correct disposition for passage through the birth canal. |
| + | *Stage 2: the expulsive stage, characterised by the onset of abdominal contractions which together with uterine contractions lead to foetal expulsion |
| + | *Stage 3: separation and expulsion of the foetal membranes. In polycotous species second and third stages are often inter-mixed. |
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| + | The following table summarises the normal time taken to progress through the stages of parturition in different species. |
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| | '''Stage 2: Foetal Expulsion''' | | | '''Stage 2: Foetal Expulsion''' |
| | 12-30 minutes | | | 12-30 minutes |
− | | 30-60 minutes | + | | 30 minutes - 4 hours |
| | 30-120 minutes | | | 30-120 minutes |
| | 150-180 minutes | | | 150-180 minutes |
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− | | + | The step in the reproductive process that immediately precedes lactation, uterine involution and return to cyclicity. It is initiated by the foetus and involves a complex cascade of endocrine events. Parturition is the process by which the conceptus (foetus, placenta and placental membranes) is expelled from the [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology|uterus]]; this requires [[Cervical Softening - Anatomy & Physiology|cervical softening]],[[Uterine Contraction - Anatomy & Physiology|coordinated myometrial contractions]] and contraction of abdominal muscles |
− | Parturition is the Process by which the conceptus (foetus, placenta and placental membranes) are expelled from the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Uterus_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|Uterus]] requires: | + | to occur |
− | * [[Parturition - Cervical Softening - Anatomy & Physiology|Cervical Softening]]
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− | * [[Parturition - Coordinated Myometrial Contraction - Anatomy & Physiology|Coordinated Myometrial Contraction]]
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− | * Voluntary contraction of abdominal muscles
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− | = Stage 3: Placental Expulsion =
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− | In most species, expulsion of foetal membranes quickly follows expulsion of the foetus.
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− | * After the birth of the young, regular abdominal contractions largely cease.
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− | * Myometrial contractions persist.
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− | ** Decreased amplitude, but become more frequent and less regular.
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− | ** Important for dehiscence and expulsion of foetal membranes.
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− | * Waves of contractions from uterus to the cervix persist.
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− | ** Act in a peristaltic fashion in the cow and sow in the reverse direction.
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| == Placental Changes == | | == Placental Changes == |
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| * Open endometrial crypts | | * Open endometrial crypts |
| * Foetal villi have shrunk due to the escape of blood from the foetal side of the placenta when the umbillical cord ruptures. | | * Foetal villi have shrunk due to the escape of blood from the foetal side of the placenta when the umbillical cord ruptures. |
− | * Myometrial contractions aid exsanguination of the placenta. | + | * [[Uterine Contraction - Anatomy & Physiology|Myometrial contractions]] aid exsanguination of the placenta. |
| * Separation of foetal membranes. | | * Separation of foetal membranes. |
| * Apex of the allantochorionic sac becomes inverted. | | * Apex of the allantochorionic sac becomes inverted. |
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| ** Not the mare or camelids. | | ** Not the mare or camelids. |
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− | = Parturition Behaviour = | + | == Placental Expulsion == |
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− | == Mare ==
| + | In most species, expulsion of foetal membranes quickly follows expulsion of the foetus. |
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− | === Stage 1 ===
| + | * After the birth of the young, regular abdominal contractions largely cease. |
− | | + | * Myometrial contractions persist. |
− | * Mammary hypertrophy, waxing of the teats and possible escape of milk from the glands. | + | ** Decreased amplitude, but become more frequent and less regular. |
− | * Patchy sweating behind the elbows and around the flanks. | + | ** Important for dehiscence and expulsion of foetal membranes. |
− | ** Commences ~4 hours before the birth of the foal and increases as the stage progresses. | + | * Waves of contractions from uterus to the cervix persist. |
− | * Yawns | + | ** Act in a peristaltic fashion in the cow and sow in the reverse direction. |
− | * No indication of pain. | |
− | * Food is taken readily | |
− | * Respirations are normal
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− | * Pulse is ~60
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− | * Body temperature may become slightly subnormal (36.5-37◦C).
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− | * Restlessness, wanders aimlessly.
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− | * Tail is frequently raised or held to one side.
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− | * May swish the tail or slap it against the anus.
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− | * Kicking of the abdomen | |
− | * Towards the end of this stage: | |
− | ** Crouching
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− | ** Straddling of hindlimbs
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− | ** Going down on knees or sternum and rising again
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− | ** Glancing at flank
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− | * This stage terminates with the rupture of the allantochorionic membrane and the escape of allantoic fluid from the vulva.
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− | ** No visible straining during this period.
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− | === Stage 2 ===
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− | === Stage 3 ===
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− | == Cow ==
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− | === Stage 1 ===
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− | === Stage 2 ===
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− | === Stage 3 ===
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− | == Ewe ==
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− | == Sow ==
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− | === Stage 1 ===
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− | === Stage 2 ===
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− | === Stage 3 ===
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− | == Bitch ==
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− | === Stage 1 ===
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− | === Stage 2 ===
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− | === Stage 3 === | + | == Parturition Behaviour == |
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− | == Cat == | + | === [[Parturition Behaviour - Mare|Mare]] === |
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− | === Stage 1 === | + | ===[[Parturition Behaviour - Cow| Cow]] === |
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− | === Stage 2 === | + | ===[[Parturition Behaviour - Ewe| Ewe]] === |
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− | === Stage 3 === | + | ===[[Parturition Behaviour - Sow| Sow]] === |
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| + | ===[[Parturition Behaviour - Bitch| Bitch]] === |
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| + | ===[[Parturition Behaviour - Cat| Cat]] === |
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− | <big><center>[[Reproductive System|'''BACK TO REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM''']]</center></big>
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− | <big><center>[[Reproductive_System#Parturition|'''BACK TO PARTURITION''']]</center></big>
| + | {{OpenPages}} |
| + | [[Category:Parturition]] |
| + | [[Category:Bullet Points]] |