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==Introduction==

==Introduction==

'''Small Intestinal impaction''' causes total or partial obstruction of the intestinal lumen resulting in [[:Category:Colic in Horses|colic]]. The obstruction is most often associated with [[Ascarid Impaction - Horse|ascarid impaction]] due to ascarid infection<ref>Cribb NC, Cote NM, Bouré LP, Peregrine AS. (2006). ''Acute small intestinal obstruction associated with Parascaris equorum infection in young horses: 25 cases (1985-2004).''. New Zealand Veterinary Journal</ref> in young horses, or ileal impaction due to ingestion of Bermuda grass in the USA or [[Anoplocephala|tapeworm]] infection in the UK. Ingesta and fluid builds up proximal to the impaction and does not reach the absorptive large intestine, this results in systemic volume depletion and reduced cardiac output.   

'''Small Intestinal impaction''' causes total or partial obstruction of the intestinal lumen resulting in [[:Category:Colic in Horses|colic]]. The obstruction is most often associated with [[Ascarid Impaction - Horse|ascarid impaction]] due to ascarid infection<ref>Cribb NC, Cote NM, Bouré LP, Peregrine AS. (2006). ''Acute small intestinal obstruction associated with Parascaris equorum infection in young horses: 25 cases (1985-2004).''. New Zealand Veterinary Journal</ref> in young horses, or ileal impaction due to ingestion of Bermuda grass in the USA or [[Anoplocephala|tapeworm]] infection in the UK. Ingesta and fluid builds up proximal to the impaction and does not reach the absorptive large intestine, this results in systemic volume depletion and reduced cardiac output.   

The severity and speed of onset of clinical signs is determined by the level of the obstruction. Proximal obstructions will progress more rapidly than distal ones.

The severity and speed of onset of clinical signs is determined by the level of the obstruction. Proximal obstructions will progress more rapidly than distal ones.

[[Nasogastric intubation in the Horse|'''Passage of a stomach tube''']] will produce nasogastric reflux depending on the site of obstruction and its duration; for a proximal obstruction fluid will build up in the stomach after approximately 3-6 hours, and for a distal obstruction, after 12 hours.   

[[Nasogastric intubation in the horse|'''Passage of a stomach tube''']] will produce nasogastric reflux depending on the site of obstruction and its duration; for a proximal obstruction fluid will build up in the stomach after approximately 3-6 hours, and for a distal obstruction, after 12 hours.   

'''Gut sounds''' will decrease as the small intestine becomes distended and atonic.  

'''Gut sounds''' will decrease as the small intestine becomes distended and atonic.  

===Ultrasound===

===Ultrasound===

[[Colic Diagnosis -Abdominal Ultrasound|Abdominal ultrasound]] reveals distended loops of small intestine which are frequently immotile.

[[Colic Diagnosis - Abdominal Ultrasound|Abdominal ultrasound]] reveals distended loops of small intestine which are frequently immotile.

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

If the impaction causes complete obstruction to the small intestine then the prognosis is poor, with mortality rates of up to 92%.

If the impaction causes complete obstruction to the small intestine then the prognosis is poor, with mortality rates of up to 92%.

[[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]

|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A%28%22Small+Intestine%22%29+AND+%28title%3A%28impaction%29+OR+title%3A%28obstruction%29%29+AND+od%3A%28horses%29 Small Intestinal Obstruction in horses publications]

 

 

[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A%28%22Small+Intestine%22%29+AND+%28title%3A%28impaction%29+OR+title%3A%28obstruction%29%29+AND+od%3A%28horses%29 Small Intestinal Obstruction in horses publications]

==Refernces==

==References==

* Mair, T.S, Divers, T.J, Ducharme, N.G (2002) '''Manual of Equine Gastroenterology''', ''WB Saunders''.

* Mair, T.S, Divers, T.J, Ducharme, N.G (2002) '''Manual of Equine Gastroenterology''', ''WB Saunders''.

* Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''' ''Merial''

* Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''' ''Merial''

[[Category:Surgical Colic in the Horse]]

[[Category:Surgical Colic in the Horse]]

[[Category:Colic - Small Intestinal Causes]]

[[Category:Colic - Small Intestinal Causes]]

[[Category:Small Intestinal Disorders - Horse]]

[[Category:Small Intestinal Diseases - Horse]]

[[Category:Expert_Review]]

[[Category:Expert_Review]]

[[Category:Impaction - Horse]]

[[Category:Impaction - Horse]]