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==Introduction==
==Introduction==
Uveitis refers to inflammation of the [[Eye - Anatomy & Physiology#The Wall (retina, uvea and sclera)|uvea]].
Uveitis refers to inflammation of the [[Eye - Anatomy & Physiology#The Wall (retina, uvea and sclera)|uvea]]. Various parts of the uvea, aqueous humour and vitreous are continuous, and uveitis often involves '''many ocular structures'''. The retina and choroid are adjacent and are frequently inflamed together.
Various parts of the uvea, aqueous humour and vitreous are continuous, and uveitis often involves '''many ocular structures'''.
The retina and choroid are adjacent and are frequently inflamed together.
''Anterior uveitis'' referes to inflammation of the iris and ciliary body whereas ''posterior uveitis'' refers to inflammation of the choroid.
''Anterior uveitis'' referes to inflammation of the iris and ciliary body whereas ''posterior uveitis'' refers to inflammation of the choroid.
==Causes==
==Causes==
===Cats===
<div style="float: left; width: 50%">
<b><big>Cats</big></b>
<br>
'''Infectious causes''':
'''Infectious causes''':
:[[Feline Infectious Peritonitis]]
:[[Feline Infectious Peritonitis]]
:[[Toxoplasmosis - Cat and Dog|Toxoplasmosis]]
:[[Toxoplasmosis - Cat and Dog|Toxoplasmosis]]
:''Bartonella'' spp
:''Bartonella'' spp
:Systemic mycoses (cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidiomycosis)
:[[:Category:Systemic Mycoses|Systemic mycoses]] (cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidiomycosis)
'''Neoplasia''': [[Lymphoma]], melanoma
'''Neoplasia''': [[Lymphoma]], melanoma
'''Metabolic causes''': hypertension, coagulopathies
'''Metabolic causes''': [[Systemic Hypertension|hypertension]], [[:Category:Coagulation Defects|coagulopathies]]
'''Immune-mediated''': cataract, phagoclastic uveitis, vasculitis
'''Immune-mediated''': cataract, phagoclastic uveitis, [[vasculitis]]
'''Trauma''': blunt or penetrating injuries, corneal foreign bodies
'''Trauma''': blunt or penetrating injuries, corneal foreign bodies
'''Idiopathic'''
'''Idiopathic'''
</div><div style="float: left; width: 50%">
<b><big>Dogs</big></b>
<br>
'''Infectious causes''':
'''Infectious causes''':
:''Brucella canis''
:''[[Brucella canis]]''
:''Borrelia burgdorferi''
:''[[Borrelia burgdorferi]]''
:''Leptospira''
:''[[Leptospira]]''
:Septicaemia of any cause
:Septicaemia of any cause
:''Leishmania''
:''[[Leishmania]]''
:''Toxoplasma''
:[[Toxoplasmosis - Cat and Dog|''Toxoplasma'']]
:''Erlichia canis''
:''[[Ehrlichia canis]]''
:''Rickettsia rickettsii''
:''[[Rickettsia rickettsii]]''
:Adenovirus infection
:[[:Category:Adenoviridae|Adenovirus]] infection
:Distemper virus
:[[Distemper]] virus
:Herpes virus
:[[Canine Herpesvirus 1|Herpes virus]]
:Rabies
:[[Rabies]]
:Systemic mycoses (cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis..)
:[[:Category:Systemic Mycoses|Systemic mycoses]] (cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis..)
'''Neoplastic and paraneoplastic disorders''': histiocytic proliferative disease, hyperviscosity syndrome, GME, primary (melanoma) and secondary (lymphoma) neoplasms.
'''Neoplastic and paraneoplastic disorders''': histiocytic proliferative disease, hyperviscosity syndrome, [[GME]], primary (melanoma) and secondary (lymphoma) neoplasms.
'''Metabolic causes''': Diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, systemic hypertension
'''Metabolic causes''': [[Diabetes Mellitus|Diabetes mellitus]], hyperlipidaemia, [[Systemic Hypertension|systemic hypertension]]
'''Immune-mediated''': cataracts, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, immune-mediated vasculitis, phacoclastic uveitis, [[Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome|uveodermatologic syndrome]]
'''Immune-mediated''': cataracts, [[Immune Mediated Thrombocytopaenia|immune-mediated thrombocytopenia]], immune-mediated vasculitis, phacoclastic uveitis, [[Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome|uveodermatologic syndrome]]
'''Miscellaneous''': drug-induced, idiopathic, pigmentary uveitis in the Golden Retriever, radiation therapy, trauma, toxaemia of any cause, ulcerative keratitis.
'''Miscellaneous''': drug-induced, idiopathic, pigmentary uveitis in the Golden Retriever, radiation therapy, trauma, toxaemia of any cause, ulcerative keratitis
</div>
==Clinical Signs==
==Clinical Signs==
A fundus examination may reveal '''chorioretinitis and retinal detachment'''.
A fundus examination may reveal '''chorioretinitis and retinal detachment'''.
With '''chronic uveitis''', additional signs may include: neovascularisation of the iris, changes in iris pigmentation, secondary iris atrophy, synechiae, cataract, glaucoma, lens luxation and blindness.
With '''chronic uveitis''', additional signs may include: neovascularisation of the iris, changes in iris pigmentation, secondary iris atrophy, synechiae, cataract, glaucoma, [[Lens Luxation|lens luxation]] and blindness.
==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
'''Further investigation''' into the cause of the uveitis should include:
'''Further investigation''' into the cause of the uveitis should include:
:Complete haematology and biochemistry
Complete haematology and biochemistry
:Urinalysis
:Thoracic radiography
Urinalysis
:'''Serological testing''' for ''Toxoplasma'', FeLV, FIV
Thoracic radiography
'''Serological testing''' for ''Toxoplasma'', FeLV, FIV
Additional diagnostic tests are selected according to diseases that are endemic to a particular practice area or on suspicion of a particular disease.
Additional diagnostic tests are selected according to diseases that are endemic to a particular practice area or on suspicion of a particular disease.
Often, a precice aetiological diagnosis is not possible, and idiopathic uveitis is a diagnosis of exclusion.
Often, a precise aetiological diagnosis is not possible, and idiopathic uveitis is a diagnosis of exclusion.
==Treatment==
==Treatment==
Peiffer, R. (2008) '''Small animal ophthalmology: a problem-oriented approach''' ''Saunders''
Peiffer, R. (2008) '''Small animal ophthalmology: a problem-oriented approach''' ''Saunders''
[[Category:To Do - Helen]]
[[Category:To Do - Review]]
{{review}}
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[[Category:Neurological Diseases - Dog]]
[[Category:Neurological Diseases - Cat]]
[[Category:Expert Review - Small Animal]]