Changes

Also Known As: '''''DEV — DVE — Duck Plague Virus — DPV — Duck Plague'''''

Also Known As: '''''DEV — DVE — Duck Plague Virus — DPV — Duck Plague'''''

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

[[File:Duck plague victim.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Duck with Duck plague exhibiting haemorrhagic nasal discharge and typical drooped wing appearance. Source: US Geological Survey via Wikimedia Commons]]

[[File:Duck plague victim.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Duck with duck plague exhibiting haemorrhagic nasal discharge and typical drooped wing appearance. Source: US Geological Survey via Wikimedia Commons]]

Duck viral enteritis is caused by a '''[[Herpesviridae|herpesvirus]]''' which can also infect geese and swans. The disease is '''acute and highly infectious''', causing high morbidity and mortality.

Duck viral enteritis is caused by a '''[[Herpesviridae|herpesvirus]]''' which can also infect geese and swans. The disease is '''acute and highly infectious''', causing high morbidity and mortality.

DVE is not zoonotic, however, it is '''notifiable''' to the World Organisation for Animal Health [http://www.oie.int/ (OIE)].

DVE is not zoonotic.

==Distribution==

==Distribution==

Diagnosis can usually be made using history of clinical disease and necropsy:

Diagnosis can usually be made using history of clinical disease and necropsy:

On '''post-mortem, petechial haemorrhage in the conjunctivae, mucous membranes, trachea, syrinx and intestine are pathognomonic for DEV.''' This pathology is caused by '''increased vascular permeability'''.<ref name ="Richter">Richter, J. H. M., Horzinek, M. C (1993) '''Duck plague'''. ''Virus infections of birds''.77-90;35</ref> In advanced disease, the same sites may become covered by '''yellow-white necrotic plaques''', sometimes forming pseudomembranes in the cloaca and oesophagus.<ref name="Richter" />

On '''post-mortem, petechial haemorrhage in the conjunctivae, mucous membranes, trachea, syrinx and intestine are pathognomonic for DEV.''' This pathology is caused by '''increased vascular permeability'''.In advanced disease, the same sites may become covered by '''yellow-white necrotic plaques''', sometimes forming pseudomembranes in the cloaca and oesophagus.

In young birds, these pathological changes are often associated with the '''[[Regional Lymphoid Tissue - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure|gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)]]'''. Organs often also demonstrate degenerative and necrotic changes and the gizzard and intestines are commonly '''filled with blood.'''  

In young birds, these pathological changes are often associated with the '''[[Regional Lymphoid Tissue - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure|gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)]]'''. Organs often also demonstrate degenerative and necrotic changes and the gizzard and intestines are commonly '''filled with blood.'''  

'''Intranuclear inclusion bodies''' can be detected via electron microscopy.

'''Intranuclear inclusion bodies''' can be detected via electron microscopy. PCR can be used to detect infection.

Serology can indicate previous exposure but is of limited use in active outbreaks.

Serology can indicate previous exposure but is of limited use in active outbreaks.

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

The '''immediate efficacy of vaccines''' suggests that they may be indicated for use during developing outbreaks.<ref>Sandhu, T. S., Leibovitz, L (1997) '''Duck virus enteritis (Duck Plague)'''. Calnek, B. W., Barnes, H. J., Beard, C. W., McDougald, L. R., Saif, Y. M. eds. Diseases of Poultry, ed 10. ''Ames, USA: Iowa State University Press'', 675-683.</ref> This rapidity of action is thought to be due to the action of stimulated interferons, known as the "interference phenomenon".

The '''immediate efficacy of vaccines''' suggests that they may be indicated for use during developing outbreaks. This rapidity of action is thought to be due to the action of stimulated interferons, known as the "interference phenomenon".

==Control==

==Control==

==References==

==References==

Gough, R.E. (2007) '''Duck Viral Enteritis'''. In: '''Poultry Diseases, 6th Edition''' (eds. Pattison, M., McMullin, P., Bradbury, J., Alexander, D.) ''Saunders, Elsevier'', pp 258-276

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Duck plague virus datasheet''', accessed 20/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Duck viral enteritis datasheet''', accessed 20/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

Sandhu, T.S. and Metwally, S.A. (2008) '''Duck Viral Enteritis (Duck Plague)'''. In: '''Diseases of Poultry, 12th Edition''' (eds. Saif, Y.M., Fadly A.M., Glissen J.R., McDougald L.R., Nolan L.K., Swayne D.E.) ''Wiley-Blackwell'', pp 384-393

[[Category:Herpesviridae]]

[[Category:Herpesviridae]]

[[Category:Avian Viruses]]

[[Category:Avian Viruses]]

[[Category:Alimentary Diseases - Birds]]

[[Category:Alimentary Diseases - Birds]]

[[Category:Neurological Diseases - Birds]]

[[Category:Neurological Diseases - Birds]]

[[Category:To Do - Steph]]

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