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{{Taxobox

{{Taxobox

|name              =''Edwardsiella tarda''  

|name              =''Edwardsiella tarda''  

''Edwardsiella tarda'' infects '''freshwater and marine fishes, reptiles and amphibians and mammals throughout the world'''. It causes '''''Edwardsiella septicemia (ES)''''' which is also known as '''''fish gangrene, emphysematous putrefactive disease of catfish or red disease in eels'''''.  It  causes serious systemic infection in cultured channel fish in the USA and in eels and flounders in Japan. '''Pale skin, petechiation and necrotic abscesses within the muscle of fish (that have a putrid odour when incised) are characteristic of ES'''. Mortality rates can depend on the amount of stress that the fish are kept under and high temperature, poor water quality and high organic fertility probably contribute to the onset and severity of the disease.  

''Edwardsiella tarda'' infects '''freshwater and marine fishes, reptiles and amphibians and mammals throughout the world'''. It causes '''''Edwardsiella septicemia (ES)''''' which is also known as '''''fish gangrene, emphysematous putrefactive disease of catfish or red disease in eels'''''.  It  causes serious systemic infection in cultured channel fish in the USA and in eels and flounders in Japan. '''Pale skin, petechiation and necrotic abscesses within the muscle of fish (that have a putrid odour when incised) are characteristic of ES'''. Mortality rates can depend on the amount of stress that the fish are kept under and high temperature, poor water quality and high organic fertility probably contribute to the onset and severity of the disease.  

Unlike ''E. ictaluri'', '''''E. tarda'' is zoonotic''' and can infect humans. [[Edwardsiella ictaluri|'''''E.ictaluri''''']] causes '''''enteric septicaemia of catfish (ESC)''''' and '''only infects fish species''', whereas '''''Edwardsiella hoshinae'' infects birds and reptiles'''.  

Unlike ''E. ictaluri'', '''''E. tarda'' is zoonotic''' and can infect humans. [[Edwardsiella ictaluri|'''''E. ictaluri''''']] causes '''''enteric septicaemia of catfish (ESC)''''' and '''only infects fish species''', whereas '''''Edwardsiella hoshinae'' infects birds and reptiles'''.

==Signalment==

==Signalment==

'''Wild  hosts''' include European and Japanese eels, largemouth bass, striped sea bass, Atlantic salmon, Marble goby, snakes and birds.

'''Wild  hosts''' include European and Japanese eels, largemouth bass, striped sea bass, Atlantic salmon, Marble goby, snakes and birds.

'''Domestic hosts''' include '''Japanese Eels, channel fish''', Siamese fighting fish, carp species including catla and rosy barb, crimson and European seabass, black tetra, Asian seabass (barramundi), rainbow trout, chinook salmon, Nile tilapia, red seabream, turbot, and Angel fish.  

'''Domestic hosts''' include '''Japanese Eels, channel catfish''', Siamese fighting fish, carp species including catla and rosy barb, crimson and European seabass, black tetra, Asian seabass (barramundi), rainbow trout, chinook salmon, Nile tilapia, red seabream, turbot, and Angel fish.  

Other fish hosts that have been documented are perch-like species including 'Cichlidae, Chrysophrys unicolor, flathead mullet , bastard halibut, flounders, and mozambique tilapia. '''''E. tarda'' can also be found in zoo animals, zebu, cattle, pigs, reptiles, marine mammals, members of the Alligatoridae family (alligators and caimans) and humans.'''

Other fish hosts that have been documented are perch-like species including Cichlidae, Chrysophrys unicolor, flathead mullet , bastard halibut, flounders, and mozambique tilapia. '''''E. tarda'' can also be found in zoo animals, zebu, cattle, pigs, reptiles, marine mammals, members of the Alligatoridae family (alligators and caimans) and humans.'''

==Clinical Signs==

==Clinical Signs==

All life stages of fish are affected by ''E. tarda'' and '''haemorrhaging of the body cavity, muscle, and organs including liver and kidneys''' are commonly seen. Within the '''kidneys and spleen''', necrotic '''white/grey lesions''' can be seen on the surface of the organs.

All life stages of fish are affected by ''E. tarda'' and '''haemorrhaging of the body cavity, muscle, and organs including liver and kidneys''' are commonly seen. Within the '''kidneys and spleen''', necrotic '''white/grey lesions''' can be seen on the surface of the organs.

General '''behavioural changes''' include '''loss of balance, bursts of abnormal activity, and increased food consumption'''.   

General '''behavioural changes''' include '''loss of balance, bursts of abnormal activity, and increased food consumption'''.   

    

    

'''In humans''' it causes '''diarrhoea, gastroenteritis''' and possibly '''typhoid-like illness, peritonitis with sepsis, cellulitis and meningitis'''.

'''In humans''' it causes '''diarrhoea, gastroenteritis''', while extraintestinal infections may produce '''typhoid-like illness, peritonitis with sepsis, cellulitis and meningitis'''.

==Epidemiology==

==Epidemiology==

==Distribution==

==Distribution==

''E.tarda'' is a ubiquitous organism and is predominantly found in the '''USA, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, Israel and many developing countries''' including '''Africa and South and Central America'''.  It has also been found in parts of '''Europe and Australia'''.

''E.tarda'' is a ubiquitous organism and is predominantly found in fish cultured in the '''USA, Venezuela, Japan, Taiwan, Korea, India, Thailand, Egypt, Israel and many developing countries''' including '''Africa and South and Central America'''.  It has also been found in wild fish from '''Canada, USA and Australia'''.

==Pathology==  

==Pathology==  

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

'''Oxytetracycline, sulfadimethoxine or methoprim''' have been used to treat ES. The '''latter two can cause cessation of feeding''' in some fish species.

'''Oxytetracycline, sulfadimethoxine or methoprim''' have been used to treat ES. The '''latter two can cause cessation of feeding''' in some fish species.

==Control==

==Control==

ES may be controlled by the '''immersion of fish in formalin-killed whole cells (FKC), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) culture filtrates or whole cell bacterins vaccines'''. The two former vaccination may be administered via intramuscular injection and can cause death to some fish species.

ES may be controlled by the '''immersion of fish in formalin-killed whole cells (FKC), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) culture filtrates or whole cell bacterins vaccines'''. The two former vaccination may be administered via intramuscular injection and can cause death to some fish species.

==References==

==References==

<references/>

<references/>

{{Learning

{{Patrick Woo

|flashcards = [[Edwardsiella tarda Flashcards|''Edwardsiella tarda'' Flashcards]]

|date = 15 September 2011

}}

}}

[[Category:Zoonoses]]

[[Category:Zoonoses]]

[[Category:Fish Diseases]]

[[Category:Fish Diseases]]

[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]

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