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{{Taxobox

{{Taxobox

|name              = ''Moraxella bovis''

|name              = ''Moraxella bovis''

Inflammation of the cornea caused by the bacterium and its toxins causes '''pain, blepharospasm, lacrimation, photophobia and conjunctivitis. Ocular discharge''' begins serous and may become mucopurulent. '''Corneal ulcers''' may be visible on physical examination. Affected animals are often also '''inappetant and may lose weight and productivity.'''

Inflammation of the cornea caused by the bacterium and its toxins causes '''pain, blepharospasm, lacrimation, photophobia and conjunctivitis. Ocular discharge''' begins serous and may become mucopurulent. '''Corneal ulcers''' may be visible on physical examination. Affected animals are often also '''inappetant and may lose weight and productivity.'''

''Severe or untreated cases can lead to panophthalmitis and permanent blindness.'''

'''Severe or untreated cases can lead to panophthalmitis and permanent blindness.'''

Age related immunity often develops after exposure when young.

Age related immunity often develops after exposure when young.

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

'''Sub-conjunctival injections of appropriate antibiotics such as cloxacillin''' are most effective, but treatment can also be given '''systemically, e.g. oxytetracycline, cephalonium and penicillin-streptomycin''' combinations. Early acute cases may respond to '''ophthalmic ointments such as those containing oxytetracycline and penicillin-streptomycin'''. Withdrawal periods must be adhered to, so selecting a drug licensed for the preferred method of administration is advised.  

'''Sub-conjunctival injections of appropriate antibiotics such as procaine penicillin''' are most effective, but treatment can also be given '''systemically, e.g. oxytetracycline, tulathromycin, tilmicosin or florfenicol'''. Early acute cases may respond to regular application of '''ophthalmic ointments such as those containing cloxacillin'''. Withdrawal periods must be adhered to, so selecting a drug licensed for the preferred method of administration is advised.  

'''Anti-inflammatory therapy''' may also improve demeanour during recovery.

'''Anti-inflammatory therapy''' may also improve demeanour during recovery.

If possible, animals should be housed indoors during treatment so that flies can be controlled and irritation minimised.  

If possible, animals should be housed indoors during treatment so that flies can be controlled and irritation minimised.  

Severe cases may require '''surgery such as temporary third eyelid closure or conjunctival pedicle grafts'' to facilitate ulcer healing.

Severe cases may require '''surgery such as temporary third eyelid closure or conjunctival pedicle grafts''' to facilitate ulcer healing.

 

==Control==

==Control==

Eradiation is not possible due to the '''ubiquitous''' nature of ''M. bovis''. Fly control is valuable but rarely practical. '''Early detection and treatment''' of affected individuals may restrict spread of an outbreak.

Eradiation is not possible due to the '''ubiquitous''' nature of ''M. bovis''. Fly control is valuable but rarely practical. '''Early detection, treatment and isolation''' of affected individuals may restrict spread of an outbreak.

{{Learning

{{Learning

{{review}}

{{Nick Lyons

[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]

 

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[[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]

[[Category:Neurological Diseases - Cattle]]

[[Category:Neurological Diseases - Cattle]]

[[Category:Nick L]]

[[Category:Nick Lyons reviewed]]