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{{Podcasts
|link = https://bloomsbury.mediacore.tv/podcasts/wikivet-english/mycoplasma-synoviae}}
{{Taxobox
{{Taxobox
|name = ''Mycoplasma synoviae''
|name = ''Mycoplasma synoviae''
''M. synoviae'' causes '''[[Bacteria |bacterial]]''' disease affecting the '''joints, bones''' and [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy & Physiology|'''respiratory''' system of '''birds''']]. It is one of the [[Mycoplasmas |mycoplasma]] genus of bacteria.
''M. synoviae'' causes '''[[Bacteria |bacterial]]''' disease affecting the '''joints, bones''' and [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy & Physiology|'''respiratory''' system of '''birds''']]. It is one of the [[Mycoplasmas |mycoplasma]] genus of bacteria.
''M; synoviae'' shares some antigens with [[Mycoplasma gallisepticum |''M. gallisepticum'']] which causes chronic respiratory disease in poultry, but is distinct by most serological tests.
''M. synoviae'' is endemic in parts of Europe and causes significant production losses particularly in '''egg production'''.
''M. synoviae'' is endemic in parts of Europe and causes significant production losses particularly in '''egg production'''. Very recently the mycoplasma has been associated with eggshell apex abnormalities (EAA)<ref>Catania, S., Bilato, D., Gobbo, F., Granato, A., Iob, L and Nicholas R.A.J. (2010) '''Treatment of egg-shell abnormalities and reduced egg production caused by ''Mycoplasma synoviae'' infection.''' ''Avian Diseases'' 54, 961-964</ref>.
==Distribution==
==Distribution==
Thought to likely be worldwide but recording is unreliable.
Thought to be worldwide but recording is unreliable.
Mycoplasma can be '''transmitted''' to progeny through '''eggs''' and through '''direct and indirect contact''' between birds.
Mycoplasma can be '''transmitted''' to progeny through '''eggs''' and through '''direct and indirect contact''' between birds.
Torticollis and other neurological signs may occur in some severe cases.
Torticollis and other neurological signs may occur in some severe cases.
EAA is characterised by defects at the apex (pointed end) of the egg consisting of sharp clearly defined discoloured zones which are thin, soft and fragile. It can result in a significant drop in egg quality and production.
==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
''M. synoviae'' can then be definitively identified by '''[[immunofluorescence]]''' and '''PCR'''.
''M. synoviae'' can then be definitively identified by '''[[immunofluorescence]]''' and '''PCR'''.
[[ELISA testing |'''ELISA''']] can be used for serological diagnosis and are excellent for detecting antibodies in egg yolk which is valuable for flock status investigation.
[[ELISA testing |'''ELISAs''']] can be used for serological diagnosis and are excellent for detecting antibodies in egg yolk which is valuable for flock status investigation. However the slide agglutination test (SAT) is still widely used in industry.
Specific immunoblotting tests are available in some specialist laboratories to confirm results of the ELISAs and SATs.
==Treatment==
==Treatment==
Control is hampered by the increasing resistance of ''M. synoviae'' to antibiotics.
Control is hampered by the increasing resistance of ''M. synoviae'' to antibiotics.
A vaccine containing a temperature-sensitive strain (MS-H) of Mycoplasma synoviae is currently used in many countries around the world. The duration of protective immunity is at least 40 weeks and has been shown to be protective against EAA.
|date =6 June 2011
|date =6 June 2011
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{{Robin Nicholas
|date = 31 August 2011
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[[Category:Mycoplasmas]]
[[Category:Mycoplasmas]]
[[Category:Avian Bacteria]]
[[Category:Avian Bacteria]]
[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Birds]]
[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Birds]]
[[Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Birds]]
[[Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Birds]]
[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]
[[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]