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| − | |linkpage =Urine Production - Anatomy & Physiology
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| − | |linktext =URINE PRODUCTION
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| − | |maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology
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| − | |pagetype =Anatomy
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| − | <br>
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| | ==Glomerular Filtration== | | ==Glomerular Filtration== |
| − | The role of the [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#The Renal Corpuscle|renal corpuscle]] is to selectively filter the blood by allowing small molecules through but preventing plasma proteins from leaving the blood. This filtration occurs extracellulary and is done by what is know as the '''glomerular filtration barrier'''. This structure is made up of three layers: | + | [[Image:Aspinall Slide14.JPG|thumb|right|600px|<small>Image from [http://www.elsevierhealth.co.uk/veterinary-nursing/spe-60136/ Aspinall, The Complete Textbook of Veterinary Nursing], Elsevier Health Sciences, ''All rights reserved''</small>]] |
| | + | [[Image:Aspinall Slide15.JPG|thumb|right|600px|<small>Image from [http://www.elsevierhealth.co.uk/veterinary-nursing/spe-60136/ Aspinall, The Complete Textbook of Veterinary Nursing], Elsevier Health Sciences, ''All rights reserved''</small>]] |
| | + | The role of the [[Nephron Microscopic Anatomy #The Renal Corpuscle|renal corpuscle]] is to selectively filter the blood by allowing small molecules through but preventing plasma proteins from leaving the blood. This filtration occurs extracellulary and is done by what is know as the '''glomerular filtration barrier'''. This structure is made up of three layers: |
| | * Fenestrated capillary endothelium | | * Fenestrated capillary endothelium |
| | * Glomerular basement membrane | | * Glomerular basement membrane |
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| | </TABLE> | | </TABLE> |
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| − | ==Glomerular Filtration Rate== | + | ==[[Glomerular Filtration Rate]]== |
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| − | The glomerular filtration rate or GFR is the amount of fluid filtered from the capillaries into the Bowmans capsule per unit time. The GFR can be expressed as the following formula:
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| − | '''GFR = K<sub>f</sub> x net filtration pressure'''
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| − | K<sub>f</sub> = the filtration coefficent
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| − | K<sub>f</sub> can furthermore be expressed by the following formula
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| − | '''K<sub>f</sub> = membrane permeability x filtration area'''
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| − | The GFR is practically proportional to metabolic body mass. Therefore the bigger the animal the greater the GFR.
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| − | ===Regulation of the GFR===
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| − | '''The following formula helps us to understand GFR and how various factors affect it. Whilst reading this article you may find it useful to refer back to it:'''
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| − | <big>'''Q = (PA - PE) ÷ R'''</big>
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| − | '''Q''' = Flow, '''PA''' = Pressure in afferent arteriole, '''PE''' = Pressure in efferent arteriole, '''R''' = Resistance
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| − | There are two major forces opposing GFR. These are the hydrostatic pressure in the Bowmans space and the plasma protein osmotic pressure. These are not under physiological control. The filtration coefficient is also beyond the realms of physiological control. On the other hand the hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries and the renal blood flow are under physiological regulation and adjust filtration according to the bodies needs.
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| − | ====Regulation of Renal Blood Flow and Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure====
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| − | These two factors are determined by the arterial blood pressure coupled with the contraction of both the afferent and efferent arterioles. The total resistance of the afferent and efferent arterioles, which is determined by the contraction of them, determines the renal blood flow and any particular arterial pressure. Therefore it is important that they change with arterial pressure in order to maintain a steady renal blood flow.
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| − | =====Constriction of the Afferent and Efferent Arterioles=====
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| − | Normally the afferent arteriole is of larger diameter than the efferent. This means there is high resistance as the blood is forced from a wider vessel to a narrower one and this promotes filtration. If the arterial blood pressure remains constant then contracting either vessel reduces blood flow as it increases resistance. However contracting either has opposite effects on the filtration pressure. If you contract the afferent arteriole there will be less of a pressure difference between the afferent and efferent arteriole so there will be reduced filtration pressure. However if you constrict the efferent arteriole you are increasing the pressure difference between the two and filtration pressure increase.
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| − | Overall the constriction of the afferent arteriole decreases both blood flow and filtration pressure where as constricting the efferent arteriole decreases blood flow but increases filtration pressure. (Both of these statements are assuming a constant blood pressure). The fact that both can be altered allows independent regulation of both GFR and blood flow.
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| − | =====Physiological Regulators of GFR=====
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| − | The main systems which regulate renal blood flow and GFR are:
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| − | '''[[Autoregulation of GFR - Anatomy and Physiology|Autoregulation]]'''
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| − | '''[[Important Hormonal Regulators of the Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology#The Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS)|Angiotensin 2]]'''
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| − | '''[[The Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System on GFR - Anatomy & Physiology|Sympathetic Nervous System]].'''
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| − | '''[[The Effects of Nitrous Oxide and Prostaglandins on GFR - Anatomy & Physiology|Nitrous Oxide and Prostaglandins]]'''
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| | ==Pressure in the Peritubular Capillaries== | | ==Pressure in the Peritubular Capillaries== |
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| | =====Urea===== | | =====Urea===== |
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| − | The idea behind this is that you measure factors which would normally be excreted. The same idea is behind the measurement of endogenous creatinine. However this is not ideal as it is altered by non-renal factors and they only change when the renal failure is very advanced as there is a large functional reserve in the kidneys. Urea is also not idea in horses and ruminants as it is used by the digestive micro flora to make microbial protein. | + | The idea behind this is that you measure factors which would normally be excreted. The same idea is behind the measurement of endogenous creatinine. However this is not ideal as it is altered by non-renal factors and they only change when the renal failure is very advanced as there is a large functional reserve in the kidneys. Urea is also not ideal in horses and ruminants as it is used by the digestive micro flora to make microbial protein. |
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| | ==Revision== | | ==Revision== |
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| | Use the [[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology|flash card revision resource]] for this section to test yourself. | | Use the [[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology|flash card revision resource]] for this section to test yourself. |
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| | + | [[Category:Urine Production]] |
| | + | [[Category:Bullet Points]] |