|
|
| (8 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| − | {{review}}
| + | <big><center>[[Infectious agents and parasites|'''BACK TO INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND PARASITES''']]</center></big> |
| | + | <big><center>[[Bacteria|'''BACK TO BACTERIA''']]</center></big> |
| | | | |
| | ===Overview=== | | ===Overview=== |
| | | | |
| − | *Causes tularaemia in wildlife, domestic animals and humans | + | *Causes tularaemia in animals and humans |
| − | *Wildlife reservoir of infection, including rabbits, rodents, galliform birds and deer | + | *Wildlife reservoir of infection |
| | *Survives in the soil for up to 4 months | | *Survives in the soil for up to 4 months |
| − | *Type A strains associated with terrestrial animal reservoirs; type B strains with water-borne infections and aquatic animals | + | * |
| − | *Ticks and deerfly act as vectors
| |
| − | *Fatal infection in humans, with ulers and lymphadenopathy; vaccine available
| |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| Line 19: |
Line 18: |
| | *No growth on MacConkey | | *No growth on MacConkey |
| | *Facultative intracellular pathogen | | *Facultative intracellular pathogen |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===Pathogenesis and pathogenicity===
| |
| − |
| |
| − | *High lipid content; virulent isolates produce capsules
| |
| − | *Highly virulent type A stains, ''F. tularensis'' subspecies ''tularensis'' in North America; less virulent type B strains, ''F. tularensis'' subspecies ''holarctica'' in Eurasia and North America
| |
| − | *Infection through skin abrasions or arthropod bites, inhalation or ingestion
| |
| − | *Organism survives and replicates in acidic environment of macrophages by inhibiting phagosome/lysosome fusion
| |
| − | *Acidic environment required for release of iron, required for growth, from tranferin
| |
| − | *Lymphadenitis and septicaemia
| |
| − | *Enlarged lymph nodes with pale necrotic foci
| |
| − | *Miliary lesions in [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]] and liver
| |
| − | *Pulmonary consolidation; primary pulmonary lesions due to aerosol inhalation in dogs
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===Clinical infections===
| |
| − |
| |
| − | *Fulminant disease in immunosuppressed
| |
| − | *Septicaemia with fever, depression, inappetence, stiffness
| |
| − | *Chronic granulomatous or subclinical infections
| |
| − | *Type A strains cause most infections in domestic animals; type B strains cause mild disease
| |
| − | *Rare outbreaks of tularaemia in sheep, horses and young pigs
| |
| − | *Adult pigs and cattle resistant
| |
| − | *Dogs and cats seroconvert without clinical signs
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===Diagnosis===
| |
| − |
| |
| − | *Heavy tick infestation in severely infected animals in an endemic area indicate tularaemia
| |
| − | *Blood serology - high agglutinating antibody titres or rising antibody titre
| |
| − | *Scraping from ulcers, lymph node aspirates and biopsy material
| |
| − | *Post mortem
| |
| − | *Fluorescent antibody technique on tissues, exudates or culture
| |
| − | *Glucose-cysteine-blood agar used for culture
| |
| − | *Small, grey, mucoid colonies, surrounded by narrow zone of incomplete haemolysis, after 3-4 days incubation
| |
| − | *Immunofluorescence confirms presence in smears
| |
| − | *Slide agglutination test on cultures
| |
| − | *Biochemical tests to distinguish type A from type B strains
| |
| − | *PCR for detection in blood
| |
| − | *Isolation in embryonated eggs or lab animals
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===Treatment===
| |
| − |
| |
| − | *Antibiotics including amikacin, streptomycin, fluoroquinolones
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===Control===
| |
| − |
| |
| − | *Ectoparasite control
| |
| − | *Daily removal of ticks from dogs and cats
| |
| − | *Prevent dogs and cats hunting wildlife
| |
| − | [[Category:Bacteria miscellaneous]][[Category:Gram_negative_bacteria]][[Category:Coccobacilli]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Rods]]
| |
| − | [[Category:To_Do_-_Bacteria]]
| |