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Also known as: ''''' EMC '''''—''''' Encephalomyocarditis Virus disease of Pigs '''''—''''' EMCV '''''

Also known as: ''''' EMC '''''—''''' Encephalomyocarditis Virus disease of Pigs '''''—''''' EMCV '''''

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{{Taxobox

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==Introduction==

==Introduction==

'''Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV)''' is a single stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus that causes encephalomyocarditis in pigs. It is a '''cardiovirus''' from the family [[Picornaviridae| Picornaviridae]], and like other picornaviruses it stable over a wide range of pH. The virus is ether-resistant and can be inactivated at 60°C for 30 minutes, although some are more thermally stabile.

'''Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV)''' is a single stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus that causes encephalomyocarditis in pigs. It is a '''cardiovirus''' from the family [[Picornaviridae| Picornaviridae]], and like other picornaviruses it stable over a wide range of pH. The virus is ether-resistant and can be inactivated at 60°C for 30 minutes, although some are more thermally stable.

EMCV causes high mortality in young pigs and reproductive failures in breeding females. Piglets suffer from myocarditis and encephalitis and sudden death due to myocardial failure is common.  The disease affects the nervous, reproductive, respiratory and circulatory system of pigs. Antibodies for EMCV have been demonstrated in human populations <ref name="Tesh, 1978">Tesh, R.B. (1978).'''The prevalence of encephalomyocarditis virus neutralizing antibodies among various human populations'''. ''American Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene'', 27:144-149.</ref> but there are no reports that the virus causes human heart disease.

EMCV causes high mortality in young pigs and reproductive failures in breeding females. Piglets suffer from myocarditis and encephalitis and sudden death due to myocardial failure is common.  The disease affects the nervous, reproductive, respiratory and circulatory system of pigs. Antibodies for EMCV have been demonstrated in human populations <ref name="Tesh, 1978">Tesh, R.B. (1978).'''The prevalence of encephalomyocarditis virus neutralizing antibodies among various human populations'''. ''American Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene'', 27:144-149.</ref> but there are no reports that the virus causes human heart disease.

Infected foetuses can grossly vary depending on the stage of pregnancy and infection and myocardial lesions may be indistinguishable from other viral infections. Foetuses can be haemorrhagic, oedematous or apparently normal.  

Infected foetuses can grossly vary depending on the stage of pregnancy and infection and myocardial lesions may be indistinguishable from other viral infections. Foetuses can be haemorrhagic, oedematous or apparently normal.  

'''Histopathological''' findings include myocarditis with focal or diffuse accumulation of mononuclear cells, vascular congestion, oedema, degeneration of the myocardial fibres with necrosis and occasional mineralization of necrotic heart muscle. Brain tissue can be congestion with evidence of meningitis, perivascular infiltration (mononuclear cells) and neuronal degeneration.  Nonsuppurative encephalitis and myocarditis has also been seen in naturally infected swine foetuses.   

'''Histopathological''' findings include myocarditis with focal or diffuse accumulation of mononuclear cells, vascular congestion, oedema, degeneration of the myocardial fibres with necrosis and occasional mineralization of necrotic heart muscle. Brain tissue can be congested with evidence of meningitis, perivascular infiltration (mononuclear cells) and neuronal degeneration.  Nonsuppurative encephalitis and myocarditis has also been seen in naturally infected swine foetuses.   

Detection of antibody specific to EMCV from still-born piglets has been used to confirm foetal infection <ref name="Joo et al., 1988"> Joo, H.S., Kim, H.S., Leman, A.D., (1988) '''Detection of antibody to encephalomyocarditis virus in mummified or stillborn pigs'''. ''Archives of Virology'', 100(1-2):131-134; 9 ref.</ref>  <ref name="Kim et al., 1991"> Kim, H.S., Joo, H.S., Christianson, W.T., Morrison, R.B., (1991) '''Evaluation of serologic methods for detection of antibodies to encephalomyocarditis virus in swine fetal thoracic fluids'''. ''Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation'', 3(4):283-286; 20 ref.</ref>

Detection of antibody specific to EMCV from still-born piglets has been used to confirm foetal infection <ref name="Joo et al., 1988"> Joo, H.S., Kim, H.S., Leman, A.D., (1988) '''Detection of antibody to encephalomyocarditis virus in mummified or stillborn pigs'''. ''Archives of Virology'', 100(1-2):131-134; 9 ref.</ref>  <ref name="Kim et al., 1991"> Kim, H.S., Joo, H.S., Christianson, W.T., Morrison, R.B., (1991) '''Evaluation of serologic methods for detection of antibodies to encephalomyocarditis virus in swine fetal thoracic fluids'''. ''Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation'', 3(4):283-286; 20 ref.</ref>

'''Virus isolation''' and '''PCR''' and other methods of diagnosing the disease.

'''Virus isolation''' and '''PCR''' are other methods of diagnosing the disease.

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

|date =11 June 2011

|date =11 June 2011

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[[Category:Picornaviridae]]

[[Category:Picornaviridae]]

[[Category:Pig Viruses]]

[[Category:Pig Viruses]]

[[Category:Neurological Diseases - Pig]]

[[Category:Neurological Diseases - Pig]]

[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]

[[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]

[[Category:Cardiology Section]]