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Also known as: '''''Circling disease — Silage sickness
==Description==
==Introduction==
Listeriosis is a bacterial infection caused by [[Listeria species - Overview|''Listeria'' species]]. It affects a wide range of animals and is an important zoonosis. [[Listeria monocytogenes|''L.monocytogenes'']] is found in silage and is the main source of contamination for animals. Soil and the mammalian gastrointestinal tract are natural reservoirs for'' L.monocytogenes'' and if ingested by grazing animals the bacteria will further contaminate the pasture. The bacteria is very resistant to drying and can survive at a variety of temperatures and pH.
Listeriosis is a bacterial infection caused by [[Listeria species - Overview|''Listeria'' species]]. It affects a wide range of animals and is an important zoonosis. [[Listeria monocytogenes|''L.monocytogenes'']] is found in silage and is the main source of contamination for animals. Soil and the mammalian gastrointestinal tract are natural reservoirs for'' L.monocytogenes'' and if ingested by grazing animals the bacteria will further contaminate the pasture. The bacteria is very resistant to drying and can survive at a variety of temperatures and pH.
==Signalment==
==Signalment==
Affects a range of animals including sheep, cattle, goats and birds. Most commonly affects adult ruminants that are being fed contaminated silage over the winter.
Affects a range of animals including sheep, cattle, goats and birds. Most commonly affects adult ruminants that are being fed contaminated silage over the winter.
*Zoonosis - consumption of contaminated unpasteurised milk by humans can lead to meningitis and meningoencephalitis and, if pregnant, abortion.
*Zoonosis - consumption of contaminated unpasteurised milk by humans can lead to meningitis and meningoencephalitis and, if pregnant, abortion.
==History and Clinical Signs==
The most recognised form of listeriosis in '''ruminants''' affects the nervous system causing '''meningoencephalitis'''. Animals present depressed, sometimes with a head tilt, facial paralysis, a drooping eyelid, profuse salivation and circling towards the side of the lesion. In terminally affected animals who are recumbent it is common to see unvoluntary running movements. Death can follow clinical signs acutely and is often within 24-48 hours.
In '''monogastric''' animals and young ruminants listeriosis presents differently causing '''septicaemia''' which can also be fatal.
If animals are infected whilst pregnant this can cause '''abortion''' up to 12 days later with a purulent exudate covering the placenta. Animals are affected in the last trimester of gestation having shown no previous clinical signs. Following abortion the animal will often recover normally unless the foetus is retained and metritis will develop.
Additionally, listeriosis can also manifest as '''conjunctivitis''' when infected silage come in contact with the animals eye, '''pneumonia, [[Myocarditis|myocarditis]] and [[Endocarditis|endocarditis]].
==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
Serology is not used as many healthy animals have high ''Listeria'' titres.
Serology is not used as many healthy animals have high ''Listeria'' titres.
==Pathology==
==Pathology==
==Prognosis==
==Prognosis==
Recovery depends on rapid diagnosis of the disease. If treated, animals can recover, however, if signs of encepalitis are present treatment is often unsuccessful.
{{Learning
|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A%28Listeriosis%29+OR+title%3A%28%22Circling+disease%22%29+OR+title%3A%28%22Silage+sickness%22%29 Listeriosis publications]
}}
== References ==
Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual''' (Eighth Edition)'' Merial ''
Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual''' (Eighth Edition) Merial
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