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===Emphysematous cystitis===
===Emphysematous cystitis===
This occurs in some dogs and cats with [[Diabetes Mellitus|diabetes mellitus]]. The cause is likely related to the fermentation of sugar by glucose-fermenting bacteria.
This occurs in some dogs and cats with [[Diabetes Mellitus|diabetes mellitus]]. The cause is likely related to the fermentation of sugar by glucose-fermenting bacteria.
===Feline Idiopathic Cystitis===
Feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) is a complex condition that involves neurological changes in spinal pain fibres and biochemical changes in the bladder wall. The precise aetiology is not fully understood but cats with an anxious personality are predisposed to FIC and it is proposed that the condition arises from a combination of physical and psychological factors. Black and white cats, and Persian cats are commonly affected and FIC may account for a significant proportion of feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) in cats.
==Clinical Signs==
==Clinical Signs==
==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
'''Urinanalysis and bacterial culture''' should be performed on all animals presenting with signs of cystitis.
'''Urinanalysis and bacterial culture''' should be performed on all animals presenting with signs of cystitis.
Urine should be collected by cystocentesis, urinary catheterisation or free-flow - the ideal method being cystocentesis due to the lack of contamination. One sample should be spun and the '''sediment''' examined for inflammatory cells, bacteria and crystals. Another sample should be sent for culture. The results of these findings can guide diagnosis.
Urine should be collected by cystocentesis, urinary catheterisation or free-flow - the ideal method being cystocentesis due to the lack of contamination. One sample should be spun and the '''sediment''' examined for inflammatory cells, bacteria and crystals. Another sample should be sent for culture. The results of these findings can guide diagnosis. Urine samples of FIC cats may be sterile or may contain crystals, plugs or traces of blood.
'''Ultrasound and plain and contrast radiographs''' should be performed on the bladder in any chronic cases. Ultrasound can help identify pathology such as uroliths and masses within the bladder. Radiopaque crystals and some bladder masses will be apparent on pneumocystogram studies, but double contrast radiographic studies are required to see radiolucent crystals and the bladder lining in more detail.
'''Ultrasound and plain and contrast radiographs''' should be performed on the bladder in any chronic cases. Ultrasound can help identify pathology such as uroliths and masses within the bladder. Radiopaque crystals and some bladder masses will be apparent on pneumocystogram studies, but double contrast radiographic studies are required to see radiolucent crystals and the bladder lining in more detail.
Haematology and biochemistry may also be useful in detecting underlying disease.
Haematology and biochemistry may also be useful in detecting underlying disease.
Diagnosis of FIC is confirmed by double contrast radiography or ultrasound imaging of the bladder to reveal mural thickening.
==Treatment==
==Treatment==
RVC staff (2009) '''Urogenital System''' RVC Integrated BVetMed Course, ''Royal Veterinary College''
RVC staff (2009) '''Urogenital System''' RVC Integrated BVetMed Course, ''Royal Veterinary College''
Bowen, J (2006) '''Feline house soiling and marking problems'''
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