Changes

{{unfinished}}

{{OpenPagesTop}}

==Introduction==  

==Introduction==  

The following section will concentrate on anatomy specific to the horse. For general skeletal anatomy, follow links in blue. In anatomical planes we use the term palmar for forelimb and plantar for hindlimb. These terms are all interchangable depending on whether you are referring to the fore or hindlimb.

The following section will concentrate on anatomy specific to the horse. For general skeletal anatomy, follow links in blue. In anatomical planes we use the term palmar for forelimb and plantar for hindlimb. These terms are all interchangable depending on whether you are referring to the fore or hindlimb.

==Thoracic Limb==

==[[Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Thoracic Limb]]==

===[[Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Scapula|Scapula]]===

===[[Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Scapula|Scapula]]===

==Pelvic Limb==

==[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Pelvic Limb]]==

===Pelvic Girdle and Hip===

===Pelvic Girdle and Hip===

The pelvic girdle is formed by two hip bones which are joined ventrally at the cartilagenous '''pelvic symphysis''' and articulate dorsally with the sacrum. The three components of each hip bone are the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Ilium|ilium]], [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Pubis|pubis]] and [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Ischium|ischium]]. The bone that articulates with the hip bones to form the hip joint is the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Femur|femur]].

The pelvic girdle is formed by two hip bones which are joined ventrally at the cartilagenous '''pelvic symphysis''' and articulate dorsally with the sacrum. The three components of each hip bone are the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Ilium|ilium]], [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Pubis|pubis]] and [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Ischium|ischium]]. The bone that articulates with the hip bones to form the hip joint is the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Femur|femur]].

===Femur===

===Femur===

The '''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Femur|femur]]''' has a notched femoral head that is wedge-shaped and opens towards the medial side of the head. The apex of the '''fovea''' on the femoral head serves as the point of attachmentfor the '''ligament of the head of the femur'''. At the base of the fovea  is the '''accessory ligament''' from the prepubic tendon; which has most of its fibres originating from tendon of insertion of the ''rectus abdominis'' muscle. The femoral neck is indistinct in the horse, continuous laterally with '''greater trochanter'''; which is divided into a smaller cranial and larger caudal part. The caudal part of the greater trochanter extends beyond the the dorsal limit of the femoral head and ventrally contributes to lateral border of '''trochanteric fossa'''. The medial border of trochanteric fossa is formed by the '''lesser trochanter'''. The horse has an extra process called the '''third trochanter''' that is situated on the lateral aspect of the proximal third of the femoral shaft and allows the [[Rump Muscles of the Pelvic Limb- Horse Anatomy|''superficial gluteal'']] muscle to insert here. The third trochanter is also the origin of the [[Muscles of the Carpal and Digital Joints-Horse Anatomy#Flexors|''superficial digital flexor'']] muscle. The trochanteric fossa has a raised lateral edge known as the '''lateral supracondylar tuberosity''', where the lateral head of the ''gastrocnemius'' arises. The medial and lateral '''condyles''' at the distal ends of the femur are separated by the '''intercondylar fossa'''. Both condyles extend to form trochlea, the medial ridge of which is larger than lateral ridge and provides a tubercle projecting proximally. This large medial protuberance is critical in the [[Stay Apparatus - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|'''patellar locking mechanism''']] of the stifle. The trochlea also provides a gliding surface for articulation with the patella.

The '''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Femur|femur]]''' has a notched femoral head that is wedge-shaped and opens towards the medial side of the head. The apex of the '''fovea''' on the femoral head serves as the point of attachmentfor the '''ligament of the head of the femur'''. At the base of the fovea  is the '''accessory ligament''' from the prepubic tendon; which has most of its fibres originating from tendon of insertion of the ''rectus abdominis'' muscle. The femoral neck is indistinct in the horse, continuous laterally with '''greater trochanter'''; which is divided into a smaller cranial and larger caudal part. The caudal part of the greater trochanter extends beyond the the dorsal limit of the femoral head and ventrally contributes to lateral border of '''trochanteric fossa'''. The medial border of trochanteric fossa is formed by the '''lesser trochanter'''. The horse has an extra process called the '''third trochanter''' that is situated on the lateral aspect of the proximal third of the femoral shaft and allows the [[Rump Muscles - Horse Anatomy|''superficial gluteal'']] muscle to insert here. The third trochanter is also the origin of the [[Carpal and Digital Muscles - Horse Anatomy#Flexors|''superficial digital flexor'']] muscle. The trochanteric fossa has a raised lateral edge known as the '''lateral supracondylar tuberosity''', where the lateral head of the ''gastrocnemius'' arises. The medial and lateral '''condyles''' at the distal ends of the femur are separated by the '''intercondylar fossa'''. Both condyles extend to form trochlea, the medial ridge of which is larger than lateral ridge and provides a tubercle projecting proximally. This large medial protuberance is critical in the [[Stay Apparatus - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|'''patellar locking mechanism''']] of the stifle. The trochlea also provides a gliding surface for articulation with the patella.

===Patella===

===Patella===

{{Learning

{{Learning

|dragster = [[Equine Skeletal Anatomy Dragster resource|Equine Skeleton]]<br>[[:Category:Equine Pelvic Limb Dragster|Equine Hindlimb Resources]]

|dragster = [[Equine Skeletal Anatomy Dragster resource|Equine Skeleton]]<br>[[:Category:Equine Thoracic Limb Dragster|Equine Forelimb Resources]]<br>[[:Category:Equine Pelvic Limb Dragster|Equine Hindlimb Resources]]

|OVAM = [http://www.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/content/skeletal-structure-equine-forelimb PowerPoint presentation on the skeletal structure of the equine forelimb.]

}}

}}

{{Learning

 

 

}}

{{review}}

[[Category:To Do - AP Review]]

{{OpenPages}}

[[Category:Musculoskeletal System - Horse Anatomy]]