Changes

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

Urine Analysis can be a quick and inexpensive method to determine abnormalities in a patient.

Urine Analysis can be a quick and inexpensive method to determine abnormalities in a patient.

==Specific Gravity==

==Specific Gravity==

Urine specific gravity (USG) is measured using a refractometer calibrated for veterinary use. It must additionally be calibrated on each use using water which must match the water line on the refractometer read out prior to measuring USG, as reftractometer measurement is sensative to room temperature. Adjustments are made using the screw on the top of the refratcometer - take care not to get this screw wet when cleaning the reftractometer.  

Urine specific gravity (USG) is measured using a refractometer calibrated for veterinary use. It must additionally be calibrated on each use using water which must match the water line on the refractometer read-out prior to measuring USG, as refractometer measurement is sensitive to room temperature. Adjustments are made using the screw on the top of the refractometer - take care not to get this screw wet when cleaning the refractometer.  

Specific gravity relates to the urine concentration.  It is basically a measure of the density of particles in the urine.

Specific gravity relates to the urine concentration.  It is basically a measure of the density of particles in the urine.

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<TD><center>Dog</center></TD>

<TD><center>Dog</center></TD>

<TD><center>1.016-1.060</center></TD>

<TD><center>1.016-1.040</center></TD>

</TR>

</TR>

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<TD BGCOLOR="#C1f0f6"><center>Cat</center></TD>

<TD BGCOLOR="#C1f0f6"><center>Cat</center></TD>

<TD BGCOLOR="#C1f0f6"><center>1.020-1.040</center></TD>

<TD BGCOLOR="#C1f0f6"><center>1.020-1.060</center></TD>

</TR>

</TR>

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===Glucose===

===Glucose===

The presence of glucose in the urine is termed glucosuria and occurs when the level of glucose reaches the [[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucose|renal threshold]] for glucose reabsorption.  It is not normal to find glucose in the urine.

The presence of glucose in the urine is termed glucosuria and occurs when the level of glucose reaches the [[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucose|renal threshold]] for glucose reabsorption.  It is not normal to find glucose in the urine. Glucose is usually not detectable because ketones, ascorbic acid, or other substances found in urine may cause false negative results by reagent strips even when urinary glucose approaches clearly abnormal values.

===Ketones===

===Ketones===

===Blood===

===Blood===

The presence of blood in the urine is not normal and is usually related to a pathological state.

The presence of [[Haematuria|blood in the urine]] is not normal and is usually related to a pathological state.

==Microscopic Examination==

==Microscopic Examination==

Culture on blood agar and CLED (with Andrades indicator - for E coli) plates will help with a speedy diagnosis of causal organisms.

Culture on blood agar and CLED (with Andrades indicator - for E coli) plates will help with a speedy diagnosis of causal organisms.