Changes

==Consequences of Deficiency==

==Consequences of Deficiency==

'''Dogs''': Puppies, especially '''small and toy breeds''', may be unable to maintain blood glucose concentrations from hepatic gluconeogenesis alone and can become hypoglycaemic with low intake of dietary carbohydrates.<ref>Vroom MW and Slappendel RJ. (1987) '''Transient juvenile hypoglycaemia in a Yorkshire terrier and in a Chihuahua.''''' Vet Q'' 1987;9:172-176.</ref> Hepatic gluconeogenesis may also be inadequate to meet glucose demands during '''late gestation and lactation''' unless increased intake of gluconeogenic amino acids are provided in the diet.<ref>Romsos DR, ''et al.'' (1981)''' Influence of low carbohydrate diet on performance of pregnant and lactating dogs.''''' J Nutr ''1981;111:678-689.</ref> There are no clinical signs of feeding a carbohydrate-free diet in otherwise healthy adult dogs, though some dogs with recurrent idiopathic colitis may benefit from feeding higher fibre diets.<ref>Leib MS. (2000) '''Treatment of chronic idiopathic large-bowel diarrhea in dogs with a highly digestible diet and soluble fiber: a retrospective review of 37 cases. '''''JVIM ''2000;14:27-32.</ref>

====Dogs:====

Puppies, especially '''small and toy breeds''', may be unable to maintain blood glucose concentrations from hepatic gluconeogenesis alone and can become hypoglycaemic with low intake of dietary carbohydrates.<ref>Vroom MW and Slappendel RJ. (1987) '''Transient juvenile hypoglycaemia in a Yorkshire terrier and in a Chihuahua.''''' Vet Q'' 1987;9:172-176.</ref> Hepatic gluconeogenesis may also be inadequate to meet glucose demands during '''late gestation and lactation''' unless increased intake of gluconeogenic amino acids are provided in the diet.<ref>Romsos DR, ''et al.'' (1981)''' Influence of low carbohydrate diet on performance of pregnant and lactating dogs.''''' J Nutr ''1981;111:678-689.</ref> There are no clinical signs of feeding a carbohydrate-free diet in otherwise healthy adult dogs, though some dogs with recurrent idiopathic colitis may benefit from feeding higher fibre diets.<ref>Leib MS. (2000) '''Treatment of chronic idiopathic large-bowel diarrhea in dogs with a highly digestible diet and soluble fiber: a retrospective review of 37 cases. '''''JVIM ''2000;14:27-32.</ref>

'''Cats''': There are no reports of clinical signs relating to feeding carbohydrate-free diet to cats at any life-stage. Adult cats and growing kittens are able to maintain blood glucose concentrations via hepatic gluconeogenesis.<ref name="Morris" />

====Cats:==== There are no reports of clinical signs relating to feeding carbohydrate-free diet to cats at any life-stage. Adult cats and growing kittens are able to maintain blood glucose concentrations via hepatic gluconeogenesis.<ref name="Morris" />

==Toxicity==

==Toxicity==