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{{Taxobox
{{Taxobox
|name = ''Mycoplasma hyorhinis''
|name = ''Mycoplasma hyorhinis''
|genus = [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|Mycoplasma]]
|genus = [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|Mycoplasma]]
}}
}}
Also Known As: ''''' Mycoplasma arthritis — Mycoplasma septicaemia — Mycoplasmal Polyserositis'''''
==Introduction==
==Introduction==
''Mycoplasma hyorhinis'' is a common [[Bacteria | bacterial]] '''commensal''' of pig’s respiratory tracts and an occasional cause of '''polyarthritis and polyserositis''' in young pigs.
''Mycoplasma hyorhinis'' is a common [[Bacteria |bacterial]] '''commensal''' of pig’s respiratory tracts and an occasional cause of '''polyarthritis and polyserositis''' in young pigs.
''M. hyorhinis'' is commonly associated with other pathogens, exacerbating and facilitating disease, especially ''Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae'', the principle cause of [[Enzootic Pneumonia - Pigs]], ''[[Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae]]'' and ''[[Arcanobacterium pyogenes]]''.
''M. hyorhinis'' is commonly associated with other pathogens, exacerbating and facilitating disease, especially ''[[Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae]]'', the principal cause of [[Enzootic Pneumonia - Pigs]], ''[[Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae]]'' and ''[[Arcanobacterium pyogenes]]''.
''M. hyorhinis'' is also implicated in many severe cases of [[Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome]].
''M. hyorhinis'' is also implicated in many severe cases of [[Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome]].
Antigens persist in the tissues, especially the joints, long after infection has resolved, stimulating '''auto-immune mechanisms''' which further damage the joints, causing damage which may be permanent.
Antigens persist in the tissues, especially the joints, long after infection has resolved, stimulating '''auto-immune mechanisms''' which further damage the joints, causing damage which may be permanent.
==Disease==
==Clinical signs==
The main presentation is as a chronic '''progressive polyserositis''' in pigs under 10 weeks old. '''Lameness and swollen joints''' are common and congenital arthrogryposis may be seen in young stock.
'''Lameness and swollen joints,''' arthrogryposis
Fever usually accompanies clinical signs and animals often have a rough, dull, staring hair coat. '''Laboured breathing and tachycardia''' are non-specific cardiorespiratory signs.
'''Aural discharge''' with a foul odour represents otitis and may result in deafness. Otitis media may cause a head tilt and vestibular signs.
Dysphagia and vomiting/regurgitation are less common but significant. Other neurological and ocular signs may be also present .
'''Serofibrinous pleurisy, pericarditis and peritonitis''' are pathological features of ''M. hyorhinis''.
==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
'''Joint fluid, synovial membranes and samples from the pleura, pericardium and peritoneum''' can be used for '''culture''' of ''M. hyorhinis''.
'''Joint fluid, synovial membranes and samples from the pleura, pericardium and peritoneum''' can be used for '''culture''' of ''M. hyorhinis''.
Immunofluorescent Antibody Testing '''(IFAT)''' is also possible.
[[FAT|Immunofluorescent Antibody Testing ]]'''(IFAT)''' is also possible. [[Complement Fixation]] and [[Haemagglutination]] can be performed for serological diagnosis but are not widely available.
Complement Fixation and Haemagglutination can be performed for serological diagnosis but are not widely available.
Antibodies can be detected in serum and synovial fluid, but not until 6 weeks post-infection.
Antibodies can be detected in serum and synovial fluid, but not until 6 weeks post-infection.
==Treatment==
==Treatment==
A variety of antibiotics are effective, including '''tetracycline, tiamulin, enrofloxacin, tylosin and lincomycin.'''
A variety of antibiotics are effective, including '''tetracycline, tiamulin, enrofloxacin, tylosin and lincomycin.'''
{{Learning
{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Mycoplasma hyorhinis Flashcards]]
|flashcards = [[Mycoplasma hyorhinis Flashcards|''Mycoplasma hyorhinis'' Flashcards]]
}}
}}
==References==
==References==
<references/>
<references/>
{{CABI source
|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=74547&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 ''Mycoplasma hyorhinis'' infections]
|date =15 June 2011
}}
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{{review}}
{{OpenPages}}
[[Category:Mycoplasmas]]
[[Category:Mycoplasmas]]
[[Category:To Do – CABI review]]
[[Category:Pig Bacteria]][[Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Pig]]
[[Category:CABI Expert Review]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]