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| + | <big><center>[[Reproductive System|'''BACK TO REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM''']]</center></big> |
| | ==Introduction== | | ==Introduction== |
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| − | The cervix can be palpated transrectally and forms a sphincter controlling access to the [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology|uterus]].The anatomy of the cervical canal is adapted to suit a particular pattern of reproduction and its composition will alter under the influence of reproductive hormones. Not only does it respond to the fluctuation in oestrodiol during the [[Oestrous Cycle - Anatomy & Physiology|oestrous cycle]], but is responsive to prostaglandins and oxytocin in order to [[Cervical Softening - Anatomy & Physiology|'soften']] for [[:Category:Pregnancy and Parturition|parturition]].
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| − | ==Structure== | + | ==Anatomical Boundaries== |
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| − | * The lumen of the cervix is the cervical canal.
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| − | * The canal is formed by, and often almost occluded by mucosal folds.
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| − | ** Single fold and smooth surface in the queen and bitch
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| − | ** Multiple folds protruding into the cervical canal in the cow, ewe, sow and mare.
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| − | * The cervical canal opens cranially into the body of the [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology|uterus]] at the internal uterine ostium.
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| − | * The cervical canal opens caudally into the [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vagina]] at the external uterine ostium.
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| − | === Cow and Ewe === | + | ==Histology and Innervation== |
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| − | * High volume of mucous production
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| − | * Multiple folds
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| − | * Cervical rings form interlocking finger-like projections known as interdigitating prominences.
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| − | * Elaborate system of folds and crypts to provide a site of storage where sperm are protected from the spermicidal environment of the vagina and [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology|uterus]] in the ewe.
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| − | * Allows semen to be ejaculated directly into the [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology|uterus]] for rapid transport to the [[Oviduct - Anatomy & Physiology|oviducts]] in the cow.
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| − | === Sow === | + | ==Links== |
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| − | * Less mucous secretion
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| − | * Multiple folds
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| − | * Cervical folds form rings (cervical rings)
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| − | * Mounds or cushions known as pulvini interdigitate with each other to close the cervical canal.
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| − | * Ensures a tight coupling of the [[Penis - Anatomy & Physiology|penis]] with the cervix to ensure that the large volume of semen produced by the boar is deposited in the [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology|uterus]].
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| − | === Mare ===
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| − | * Simple cervix with the most caudal part bulging into the [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vagina]] to form a distinct recess (vaginal fornix).
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| − | * Low volume mucous secretion
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| − | * Multiple folds
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| − | * Many longitudinal folds of mucosa that protrude into the [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vagina]] (fornix vagina)
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| − | * Soft during oestrus
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| − | === Bitch ===
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| − | * Simple cervix with the most caudal part bulging into the [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vagina]] to form a distinct recess (vaginal fornix).
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| − | * Single fold
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| − | * Relatively smooth surface
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| − | === Queen ===
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| − | * External uterine ostium opens on a small hillock projecting into the [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vagina]].
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| − | * Small
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| − | * Thick walled compared to the [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology|uterus]] or [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vagina]]
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| − | * Single fold
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| − | * Smooth surface
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| − | ==Histology==
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| − | [[Image:Ewe Cervix.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Histological Section of the Cervix of a Ewe- from the [[Female Reproductive Tract Histology resource|Histology of the female reproductive tract PowerPoint]] ]]
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| − | [[Image:Ewe Cervical Lumen.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Histological Section of the Cervical Lumen of a Ewe- from the [[Female Reproductive Tract Histology resource|Histology of the female reproductive tract PowerPoint]] ]]
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| − | * The lumen of the cervix is lined by a simple columnar epithelium containing many mucus producing cells. Some cilia may be seen on these cells.
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| − | * Uterine cervix protrudes into the upper vagina and contains the endocervical canal that links the uterine cavity with the vagina.
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| − | * The endocervical canal is lined by a single layer of tall columnar mucus-secreting cells.
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| − | * Where the cervix is exposed to the vagina (the ectocervix), it is lined by thick stratified squamous epithelium.
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| − | ** Cells of the ectocervix often have clear cytoplasm due to their high glycogen content.
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| − | * The junction between the vaginal and endocervical epithelium is abrupt, normally located at the external os. This is the point where the endocervical canal opens into the vagina.
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| − | * The main bulk of the cervix is composed of tough, collagenous tissue with relatively little smooth muscle.
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| − | * Under the squamocolumnar junction, the cervical stroma is infiltrated with leukocytes which defend against microorganisms.
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| − | * It is the cervical stroma that is influence by the ovarian hormones.
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| − | ==Vascularisation==
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| − | *Uterine artery off the Internal Iliac artery (External Iliac artery in the Mare).
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| − | ==Function==
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| − | * Provides a physical barrier to the uterus therefore preventing abortion due to infection by isolating the foetus from the external environment, closure is via the mucosal folds.
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| − | * Cervical mucosa produces a mucous secretion which forms a mucous plug that helps close the cervical canal. This is easily expelled during [[Oestrus Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|oestrus]] and parturition.
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| − | * Barrier to sperm transport in the ewe, cow, bitch and queen, but not in the sow and mare.
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| − | * Assists with the storage and survival of sperm by admitting sperm to the genital tract at a time when [[Fertilisation - Anatomy & Physiology|fertilisation]] is possible (around [[Ovulation - Anatomy & Physiology|ovulation]]).
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| − | * Mucus production for lubrication and to prevent microorganisms from entering the [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology|uterus]].
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| − | * Remodels itself at the end of gestation to allow birth and to stimulate the development of maternal behaviour.
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| − | <br>
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| − | {{Template:Learning
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| − | |powerpoints = [[Female Reproductive Tract Histology resource|Histology of the female reproductive tract]]
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| − | }}
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| − | ==Webinars==
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| − | <rss max="10" highlight="none">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/urogenital-and-reproduction/webinars/feed</rss>
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| − | [[Category:Female Reproduction]]
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| − | [[Category:Bullet Points]]
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