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| ==Introduction== | | ==Introduction== |
| [[Image:Chronic Allergic Otitis.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Chronic allergic otitis in the dog. Source: Wikimedia Commons; Author: Caroldermoid (2006)]] | | [[Image:Chronic Allergic Otitis.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Chronic allergic otitis in the dog. Source: Wikimedia Commons; Author: Caroldermoid (2006)]] |
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| *Food allergy: ruled out by a dietary exclusion trial. | | *Food allergy: ruled out by a dietary exclusion trial. |
| *[[Flea Allergic Dermatitis|Flea allergy dermatitis]]: ruled out observing response to ectoparasiticides. | | *[[Flea Allergic Dermatitis|Flea allergy dermatitis]]: ruled out observing response to ectoparasiticides. |
− | *Contact dermatitis: ruled out by confining animal to one area covered in e.g. newspaper. | + | *[[Contact Dermatitis|Contact dermatitis]]: ruled out by confining animal to one area covered in e.g. newspaper. |
| *[[Sarcoptic Mange|Scabies]]:ruled out observing response to ectoparasiticides. | | *[[Sarcoptic Mange|Scabies]]:ruled out observing response to ectoparasiticides. |
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| ===Clinical Signs=== | | ===Clinical Signs=== |
| Signs are often, but not always, seasonal. Pruritus is the hallmark of atopic dermatitis and may be the only complaint. This gives rise to self-trauma, causing lesions. Lesions commonly include alopecia, erythema, scaling, crusting, excoriations and salivary staining. Macular-papular eruptions are occasionally seen<sup>2</sup>. With time, lichenification, and hyperpigmentation develops. Because the route of allergen contact is thought to be percutaneous absorption<sup>1, 2</sup>, it follows that hairless regions are most frequently affected: the face, ears, axillae, feet and inguinal regions are predilection sites. Secondary infections such as superficial staphylococcal pyoderma and [[Malassezia pachydermidis|''Malassezia'']] are common, and otitis externa often occurs concurrently<sup>2, 3, 4</sup>. A small number of cases exhibit only chronic or recurrent otitis externa. Another uncommon presentation is allergic rhinitis, manifesting as sneezing, nasal discharge or allergic conjunctivitis<sup>1, 2</sup>. | | Signs are often, but not always, seasonal. Pruritus is the hallmark of atopic dermatitis and may be the only complaint. This gives rise to self-trauma, causing lesions. Lesions commonly include alopecia, erythema, scaling, crusting, excoriations and salivary staining. Macular-papular eruptions are occasionally seen<sup>2</sup>. With time, lichenification, and hyperpigmentation develops. Because the route of allergen contact is thought to be percutaneous absorption<sup>1, 2</sup>, it follows that hairless regions are most frequently affected: the face, ears, axillae, feet and inguinal regions are predilection sites. Secondary infections such as superficial staphylococcal pyoderma and [[Malassezia pachydermidis|''Malassezia'']] are common, and otitis externa often occurs concurrently<sup>2, 3, 4</sup>. A small number of cases exhibit only chronic or recurrent otitis externa. Another uncommon presentation is allergic rhinitis, manifesting as sneezing, nasal discharge or allergic conjunctivitis<sup>1, 2</sup>. |
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| + | Signs commonly seen in different species are: |
| + | :Dogs - face rubbing and foot licking; secondary [[Pyoderma|pyoderma]] or [[Seborrhea|seborrhea]] |
| + | :Cats - facial, ear or generalised pruritus, [[Feline Miliary Dermatitis|miliary dermatitis]], [[Feline Eosinophilic Granuloma|eosinophilic granuloma complex]], symmetric alopecia |
| + | :Horses - pruritic hea, pinnae, ventrum, legs, tailhead or recurrent [[Urticaria|urticaria]] |
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| ===Laboratory Tests=== | | ===Laboratory Tests=== |
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| ===Pathology=== | | ===Pathology=== |
− | Gross findings reflect the lesions seen in life. | + | Gross findings reflect the lesions seen in life and lesions are generally due to self-trauma. |
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| Histological changes are non-specific but include acanthosis, a mixed mononuclear perivascular dermatitis, sebaceous gland metaplasia and secondary superficial pyoderma<sup>1</sup>. | | Histological changes are non-specific but include acanthosis, a mixed mononuclear perivascular dermatitis, sebaceous gland metaplasia and secondary superficial pyoderma<sup>1</sup>. |
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| + | Other microscopical findings include: hyperplastic superficial perivascular dermatitis, mast cells, eosinophils and nonmetachromatic mononuclear cells. Perivascular inflammation may be involved especially in horses. |
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| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
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| If left untreated, the degree of pruritus worsens, but atopic dermatitis is not life threatening unless intractable pruritus warrants euthanasia<sup>1</sup>. Some cases may spontaneously resolve. | | If left untreated, the degree of pruritus worsens, but atopic dermatitis is not life threatening unless intractable pruritus warrants euthanasia<sup>1</sup>. Some cases may spontaneously resolve. |
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− | ==Literature Search== | + | {{Learning |
− | [[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]] | + | |Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Disease/dis00214.asp Atopy]<br>[https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Illustration/ill02158.asp Atopy: acute on chronic]<br>[https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Illustration/ill02166.asp ears]<br>[https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Illustration/ill02164.asp Atopy: extremities]<br>[https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Illustration/ill02165.asp Atopy: peri-orbital] |
− | | + | |literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title:(%22Atopic+Dermatitis%22) Atopic Dermatitis publications] |
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− | Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).
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− | <br><br><br> | |
− | [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title:(%22Atopic+Dermatitis%22) Atopic Dermatitis publications] | |
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| [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title:(%22Atopic+Dermatitis%22)+AND+od:(dogs) Atopic Dermatitis in dogs publications] | | [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title:(%22Atopic+Dermatitis%22)+AND+od:(dogs) Atopic Dermatitis in dogs publications] |
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| [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title:(%22Atopic+Dermatitis%22)+AND+od:(cats) Atopic Dermatitis in cats publications] | | [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title:(%22Atopic+Dermatitis%22)+AND+od:(cats) Atopic Dermatitis in cats publications] |
| + | }} |
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| ==Links== | | ==Links== |
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| #Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterianry Manual (Eight Edition)''', ''Merial''. | | #Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterianry Manual (Eight Edition)''', ''Merial''. |
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| + | {{review}} |
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| [[Category:Allergic Skin Diseases]] | | [[Category:Allergic Skin Diseases]] |
− | [[Category:Dog]] [[Category:Cat]] | + | [[Category:Dermatological Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Immunological Diseases - Dog]] [[Category:Dermatological Diseases - Cat]][[Category:Immunological Diseases - Cat]] |
− | [[Category:Expert Review]]
| + | [[Category:Expert Review]] |
| + | [[Category:Type I Hypersensitivity Diseases]] |
| + | [[Category:Integumentary System - Hypersensitivity Reactions]] |