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| + | <big><center>[[Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY''']]</center></big> |
| − | [[Image:Jumping horse.gif|thumb|right|250px|'''Jumping horse''' © Eadweard Muybridge WikiMedia Commons]] | |
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| − | ==Introduction== | + | ='''Overview of the Locomotor System'''= |
| − | The musculoskeletal system includes [[Bones - Anatomy & Physiology|bones]], [[Joints - Anatomy & Physiology|joints]], [[Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology|cartilage]], [[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|muscles]], ligaments and [[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|tendons]]. In order to describe anatomical landmarks for example for the purposes of surgery and to be able to describe different directional information, for example when recording the view of a recently taken x-ray, it is necessary to have a way of describing the [[Planes and Axes - Anatomy & Physiology|planes and axes]] that can be applied to the musculoskeletal system to pinpoint a specific anatomical area.
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| − | ==The Trunk==
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| − | The trunk consists of three segments: thorax, abdomen, and [[Pelvis - Anatomy & Physiology|pelvis]], each of which is bounded by body wall and contains a cavity. The thoracic cavity lies cranial to the diaphragm, whereas the abdominal cavity lies caudal.
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| − | Dorsally, the roof of all three cavities is formed by the [[Spinal Column - Anatomy & Physiology|spinal column]] and associated muscles. The pelvic cavity is defined by the borders of the bony pelvis and communicates with the abdominal cavity. The bony thorax includes the [[Ribs and Sternum - Anatomy & Physiology|ribs and sternum]]; the [[Ribs_and_Sternum_- Anatomy & Physiology#Thoracic_Musculature|thoracic musculature]] is predominantly associated with respiration. Knowledge of the [[Ribs_and_Sternum_- Anatomy & Physiology#Abdominal_Musculature|abdominal musculature]] is important when performing surgery on abdominal organs, and these muscles are traditionally divided into ventrolateral and sublumbar groups.
| + | ==Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology== |
| | + | Bone comprises the structure of the skeletal system and provide lever arms for locomotion. |
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| − | ==The Head and Neck==
| + | [[Types of Bone]] |
| − | The shape and size of the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|skull]] varies widely, not only between species but also with age, breed and sex of similar species. The skull is divided into three components- the neurocranium, the dermatocranium and the viscerocranium. The skull also includes the [[Hyoid Apparatus - Anatomy & Physiology|hyoid apparatus]], mandible, ossicles of the middle ear and the cartilage of the [[Larynx - Anatomy & Physiology|larynx]], nose and ear. The skull protects the brain and head against injury and supports the structures of the face. In some animals the skull is also used for defensive actions, for example in horned ungulates such as red deer stags.
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| − | ===[[Pharynx - Anatomy & Physiology|Pharynx]]===
| + | [[Composition of Bone]] |
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| − | ===[[Syrinx - Anatomy & Physiology|Syrinx]]===
| + | [[Biomechanics of Bone]] |
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| − | ==Limbs of the Dog, Horse and Cow==
| + | [[Structure and Function of Cartilage]] |
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| − | ===[[Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Forelimb]]=== | + | ==Joints - Anatomy & Physiology== |
| − | *[[Canine Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Canine Forelimb]]
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| − | *[[Bovine Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Bovine Forelimb]]
| + | ==Bursae and Tendons - Anatomy & Physiology== |
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| − | ===[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Hindlimb]]=== | + | ==Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology== |
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| − | *[[Canine Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Canine Hindlimb]]
| + | ==Musculoskeletal terminology - Anatomy & Physiology== |
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| − | *[[Bovine Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Bovine Hindlimb]]
| + | ='''The Trunk'''= |
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| − | ===Phalanges=== | + | ==Spinal Column== |
| | + | *Divisions and Landmarks |
| | + | *Vertebrae and Joints |
| | + | *Spinal Cord |
| | + | *Hypaxial and Epaxial Muscles |
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| − | *[[Canine Phalanges - Anatomy & Physiology|Canine Phalanges]] | + | ==Ribs and Sternum== |
| | + | *Thoracic Musculature |
| | + | *Abdominal Musculature |
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| − | *[[Bovine Lower Limb - Anatomy & Physiology|Bovine Lower Limb]]
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| − | ==Topographical anatomy==
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| − | *[[Palpable Points of the Dog - Anatomy & Physiology|Palpable Points of the Dog]]
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| − | *[[Palpable Points - Horse Anatomy|Palpable Points of the Horse]]
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| − | *[[Palpable Points of the Ox - Anatomy & Physiology|Palpable Points of the Ox]]
| + | ='''The Head and Neck'''= |
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| − | {{Template:Learning
| + | ==Skull and Facial Muscles== |
| − | |flashcards = [[:Category:Musculoskeletal System Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards|Musculoskeletal Flashcards]]
| + | *Dog |
| − | |dragster= [[Canine Head and Neck Surface Anatomy Resources (I, II & III)]]<br>
| + | *Horse |
| − | |OVAM = [[Musculoskeletal System Vetlogic Quiz|Musculoskeletal System Quiz]]<br>[http://www.um.es/anatvet/interactividad/ingles/alocopi/indexntscp.htm Labelled anatomy images of the canine musculoskeletal system]
| + | *Cow |
| − | |Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/canis/search?s=musculoskeletal+ Musculoskeletal diseases]
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| − | }}
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| − | ==References== | + | ==Pharynx== |
| − | Books
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| − | *<div id="Dyce">{{citation|initiallast = Dyce|initialfirst = K.M|2last = Sack|2first = W.O|finallast = Wensing|finalfirst = C.J.G|year = 2002|title = Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy|ed =3rd|city = Philadelphia|pub = Saunders}}</div>
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| − | *O.Charnock Bradley '''The Structure of the Fowl''', 3rd ed, J.B.Lippincott Company, 1950
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| − | *Konig and Liebich: '''Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Mammals''', 3rd Edition
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| − | Images
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| − | *''Royal Veterinary College'' Histology Department
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| − | *''Nottingham Veterinary School''
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| − | {{OpenPages}}
| + | ==Larynx== |
| − | [[Category:Musculoskeletal System - Anatomy & Physiology]]
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| | + | ='''Limbs of the Domestic Species'''= |
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| | + | ==Forelimb== |
| | + | *Pectoral Girdle and Shoulder |
| | + | **Dog |
| | + | **Horse |
| | + | **Cow |
| | + | *Proximal Forelimb |
| | + | **Dog |
| | + | **Horse |
| | + | **Cow |
| | + | *Distal Forelimb |
| | + | **Dog |
| | + | **Horse |
| | + | **Cow |
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| | + | ==Hindlimb== |
| | + | *Pelvic Girdle and Hip |
| | + | **Dog |
| | + | **Horse |
| | + | **Cow |
| | + | *Proximal Hindlimb |
| | + | **Dog |
| | + | **Horse |
| | + | **Cow |
| | + | *Distal Hindlimb |
| | + | **Dog and Cat |
| | + | **Horse |
| | + | **Cow |
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| | + | ==Phalanges== |
| | + | *Dog |
| | + | *Horse |
| | + | *Cow |