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Also known as: '''''FIV

Also known as: '''''FIV

==Agent==

==Agent==

FIV is a member of the [[Category:Lentiviruses|lentivirus]] genus of the [[:Category:Retroviridae|Retroviridae]] family. For general information about the family see[[Retroviridae Overview]].

FIV is a member of the [[Category:Lentiviruses|lentivirus]] genus of the [[:Category:Retroviridae|Retroviridae]] family. For general information about the family see [[Retroviridae Overview]].

FIV was first discovered in a cat rescue facility in the United States where cats had been showing similar clinical signs to people with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome². Subsequently it has been shown that FIV has been present in the cat population since the late 1960s, and that the virus is very similar to the human retrovirus, HIV. However, despite these similarities, FIV is specific to cats, and people cannot become infected with the virus.

FIV was first discovered in a cat rescue facility in the United States where cats had been showing similar clinical signs to people with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome². Subsequently it has been shown that FIV has been present in the cat population since the late 1960s, and that the virus is very similar to the human retrovirus, HIV. However, despite these similarities, FIV is specific to cats, and people cannot become infected with the virus.

==Diagnosis==

==Diagnosis==

The signs of feline immunodeficiency virus infection can be very variable, as signs are dependent on the secondary infections that become established. However, differential diagnoses for the immunosuppressive effects and some other primary effects of the virus include [[Feline Leukaemia Virus|feline leukaemia virus]] infection, [[Toxoplasmosis - Small Animal|toxoplasmosis]] and the [[Feline Infectious Peritonitis|dry form of FIP]]⁶. Primary bacterial, parasitic, viral or fungal infections should also be ruled out⁵.

The signs of feline immunodeficiency virus infection can be very variable, as signs are dependent on the secondary infections that become established. However, differential diagnoses for the immunosuppressive effects and some other primary effects of the virus include [[Feline Leukaemia Virus|feline leukaemia virus]] infection, [[Toxoplasmosis - Cat and Dog|toxoplasmosis]] and the [[Feline Infectious Peritonitis|dry form of FIP]]⁶. Primary bacterial, parasitic, viral or fungal infections should also be ruled out⁵.

===Clinical Signs===

===Clinical Signs===

The clinical signs in the immunosuppressive stage of the disease are related to secondary infections and are therefore extremely variable. Clinically, the associated conditions cannot be distinguished from those occurring in feline leukaemia virus-related immunosuppression. Patients often present with vague signs, such as inappetance or weight loss, and a history of recurrent minor illness related to the gastrointestinal or upper respiratory tract is common. Disease of the oral cavity including gingivitis and stomatitis is frequently seen. This can be linked to secondary pathogens such as [[Feline Calicivirus|calicivirus]] and oral bacteria. Calicivirus, along with other organisms such as [[Feline Herpesvirus 1|herpesvirus]], ''Toxoplasma gondii'' and ''Chlamydia psittaci'', can cause ocular signs including conjunctivitis, keratitis, uveitis and chorioretinitis in 35% of cases. Similar microbes give rise to secondary cat flu, and diarrhoea occurs in a quarter of affected cats.  Other common signs due to immunosupression include anaemia (due to ''[[Haemobartonella felis]]''), meningoencephalitis, pneumonia, glomerulonephritis, renal failure, cystitis and pyoderma, caused by a variety of bacteria. The potentiating effects of FIV on FeLV infection can also induce neoplasia.

The clinical signs in the immunosuppressive stage of the disease are related to secondary infections and are therefore extremely variable. Clinically, the associated conditions cannot be distinguished from those occurring in feline leukaemia virus-related immunosuppression. Patients often present with vague signs, such as inappetance or weight loss, and a history of recurrent minor illness related to the gastrointestinal or upper respiratory tract is common. Disease of the oral cavity including gingivitis and stomatitis is frequently seen. This can be linked to secondary pathogens such as [[Feline Calicivirus|calicivirus]] and oral bacteria. Calicivirus, along with other organisms such as [[Feline Herpesvirus 1|herpesvirus]], ''[[Toxoplasma gondii]]'' and ''Chlamydia psittaci'', can cause ocular signs including conjunctivitis, keratitis, uveitis and chorioretinitis in 35% of cases. Similar microbes give rise to secondary cat flu, and diarrhoea occurs in a quarter of affected cats.  Other common signs due to immunosupression include anaemia (due to ''[[Haemobartonella felis]]''), meningoencephalitis, pneumonia, glomerulonephritis, renal failure, cystitis and pyoderma, caused by a variety of bacteria. The potentiating effects of FIV on FeLV infection can also induce neoplasia.

The virus itself may also have certain effects. Half of all cats affected display lymphomegaly, and pyrexia occurs in 30% of cases². Anaemia, neutropenia, lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia are commonly seen, as well as diarrhoea and uveitis. Neurological signs, renal disease and neoplasia may also be direct effects of feline immunodeficiency virus.

The virus itself may also have certain effects. Half of all cats affected display lymphomegaly, and pyrexia occurs in 30% of cases². Anaemia, neutropenia, lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia are commonly seen, as well as diarrhoea and uveitis. Neurological signs, renal disease and neoplasia may also be direct effects of feline immunodeficiency virus.

The long-term prognosis for FIV-infected cats is guarded, but some cats will survive for many years following diagnosis. A cat should therefore never be euthanased based on a positive test result for FIV⁴. Around 20% of affected cats die within the first two years after diagnosis; this equates to a 20% mortality rate in the first 4.5-6 years after the estimated time of infection^fmc. In general, the more chronic and severe the clinical signs, the worse the prognosis is. The duration of the asymptomatic period following FIV infection varies with the infecting strain and cannot be predicted. However, cats affected at a younger age are more likely to progress to an immunodeficient state⁴.

The long-term prognosis for FIV-infected cats is guarded, but some cats will survive for many years following diagnosis. A cat should therefore never be euthanased based on a positive test result for FIV⁴. Around 20% of affected cats die within the first two years after diagnosis; this equates to a 20% mortality rate in the first 4.5-6 years after the estimated time of infection^fmc. In general, the more chronic and severe the clinical signs, the worse the prognosis is. The duration of the asymptomatic period following FIV infection varies with the infecting strain and cannot be predicted. However, cats affected at a younger age are more likely to progress to an immunodeficient state⁴.

[[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]

|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=title:(%22Feline+Immunodeficiency+Virus%22)+OR+(title:(FIV)+AND+od:(cats))&occuring1=freetext&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=&occuring2=freetext&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&publishedstart=2000&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all&x=69&y=12 Feline Immunodeficiency Virus publications since 2000]

 

 

[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=title:(%22Feline+Immunodeficiency+Virus%22)+OR+(title:(FIV)+AND+od:(cats))&occuring1=freetext&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=&occuring2=freetext&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&publishedstart=2000&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all&x=69&y=12 Feline Immunodeficiency Virus publications since 2000]

==Links==

==Links==

*[http://www.fabcats.org/owners/fiv/info.html Feline Advisory Bureau FIV Factsheet]

*[http://www.fabcats.org/owners/fiv/info.html Feline Advisory Bureau FIV Factsheet]

*[http://www.vet.cornell.edu/fhc/brochures/fiv.html Cornell Feline Health Center factsheet on FIV]

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feline_immunodeficiency_virus Wikipedia FIV Review]

==References==

==References==

#Morrision, W B (2002) '''Cancer in dogs and cats: medical and surgical management''', ''Teton NewMedia''.

#Morrision, W B (2002) '''Cancer in dogs and cats: medical and surgical management''', ''Teton NewMedia''.

[[Category:To Do - Lizzie]] [[Category:Expert Review]]

 

 

[[Category:Lentiviruses]][[Category:Cat Viruses]][[Category:Secondary Immunodeficiency]][[Category:Immunological Diseases - Cat]]

[[Category:Integumentary System - Viral Infections]]

[[Category:Expert Review]]