Changes

==Toxicity==

==Toxicity==

There are no published reports of vitamin E toxicity in dogs, though in cats high levels of dietary vitamin E can result in prolonged bleeding times<ref>Strieker MJ, et al. Vitamin K deficiency in cats fed commercial fish-based diets. J Small Anim Prac 1996;37:322-326.</ref>. High dosage of vitamin E supplementation in people has also been associated with increased risk of mortality<ref>Bjelakovic G, et al. Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2007;297:842-857.</ref>, though this effect has not been studied in dogs and cats.

There are no published reports of vitamin E toxicity in dogs, though in cats high levels of dietary vitamin E can result in prolonged [[Coagulation Tests|bleeding times]]<ref>Strieker MJ, et al. Vitamin K deficiency in cats fed commercial fish-based diets. J Small Anim Prac 1996;37:322-326.</ref>. High dosage of vitamin E supplementation in people has also been associated with increased risk of mortality<ref>Bjelakovic G, et al. Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2007;297:842-857.</ref>, though this effect has not been studied in dogs and cats.

==Dietary Sources==

==Dietary Sources==

Nuts, seeds and seed oils have high concentration of α-tocopherol.  

Nuts, seeds and seed oils have high concentration of α-tocopherol.  

Mixed-tocopherols (i.e., combination of δ- and α-tocopherol) are used in commercial pet foods due to increased stability with processing and storage compared to α-tocopherol alone. The concentration of the biologically active α-tocopherol in mixed-tocopherol can range from 10-40% of the total vitamin E content. Mixed-tocopherols are effective at preventing lipid oxidation that occurs during the processing and storage of foods, but depending on the source may not provide adequate concentrations of α-tocopherol to the diet.

Mixed-tocopherols (i.e. combination of δ- and α-tocopherol) are used in commercial pet foods due to increased stability with processing and storage compared to α-tocopherol alone. The concentration of the biologically active α-tocopherol in mixed-tocopherol can range from 10-40% of the total vitamin E content. Mixed-tocopherols are effective at preventing lipid oxidation that occurs during the processing and storage of foods, but depending on the source may not provide adequate concentrations of α-tocopherol to the diet.

==Diagnosing Vitamin E Deficiency==

==Diagnosing Vitamin E Deficiency==

==References==

==References==

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<references/>

[[Category:Vitamins]]

[[Category:Vitamins]]